420 INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTIONS. 



were ever wont and used ... to lay open, buy and sell divers mer 

 chandises in the said church and cemetery. ... It was not till the 

 time of Laud that the public attained to a conviction . . . that the 

 church was desecrated by the transaction in it of common business.&quot; 



As suggested above, this use of the parish church for 

 trading purposes, probably arose from the desire to obtain 

 that security for a bargain which the sanctity of the place 

 was supposed to give a calling on God to witness; and as 

 in markets, at one time, bargains were made in the presence 

 of civil officers, so it may be that in some cases they were 

 made in church in the presence of priests. 



Of course to the indirect regulation of industry illustrated 

 in these ways, has to be added the direct regulation by inter 

 dicts on labour at certain times Sunday, holy-days, saints 

 days. Though now most of these interdicts have become 

 obsolete, and the remaining ones are by many disregarded, 

 they were at one time largely operative in restraining pro 

 duction, distribution, and exchange. 



773. That the different kinds of control over men have 

 differentiated, and that the control of industrial activity has 

 gradually become independent of Church and State, is made 

 sufficiently manifest by the foregoing evidence. But the 

 fact already pointed out, and here to be afresh emphasized, is 

 that there has simultaneously taken place a decrease in the 

 coerciveness of all these kinds of rule. While early despotism 

 has been (among the most civilized peoples at least) restricted 

 by growth of popular power, and while the once rigorous 

 government of the Church, enforced by excommunication 

 and damnation, has almost died away, there has been a relax 

 ing of control over industry; not only by the diminution of 

 political and clerical dictation, but also by the diminution of 

 dictation from authorities within the industrial organization 

 itself. In past days artisans, manufacturers, traders, were 

 subject not only to the peremptory orders of the general 

 government, but also to the peremptory orders of their own 



