CHAPTER XIII. 



COMMUNAL REGULATION. 



781. IN those to whom the doctrine of Evolution is 

 repugnant I shall raise a smile of derision by the remark 

 that certain actions of the infant are indicative of certain 

 early social relations. Yet to the evolutionist, it is clear that 

 constant experiences received by men during tens of thou 

 sands of years of savage life, must have produced organic 

 modifications ; and he will not be surprised to see indications 

 of them given by the child in arms. In The Principles of 

 Psychology, 189, I have shown that whereas on islands 

 never before visited, voyagers find the sea-birds so tame that 

 they will not get out of the way, birds of kinds which, 

 through unmeasured ages, have been in contact with man 

 kind, have acquired an instinctive dread of them, which 

 shows itself in every young bird as soon as it is out of the nest. 

 Similarly through countless generations of men, the mental 

 association between stranger and enemy, has, by perpetual 

 repetition, been rendered partially organic; so that an un 

 familiar face causes the infant gradually to contract its 

 features and presently turn away its head and cry: an un 

 formed cloud of painful feelings is raised by this presenta 

 tion of an unknown appearance which, in the history of the 

 race, has constantly preceded the reception of injuries. 



By this seemingly irrelevant fact I intend to emphasize 

 still further the truth already manifest, that social groups 

 were at first held together by blood-ties. In early days rela- 



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