4:4:4: INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTIONS. 



forms a sort of hierarchy, the degrees of which are determined by the 

 order in which the various sets of families were amalgamated with the 

 community. &quot; 



Just noting Mr. Ghosh s remarks that &quot; the village life of 

 our small communities comprises an agricultural and a gov 

 ernmental element/ and that &quot; the village community have 

 to decide all manner of questions : judicial, criminal, social, 

 fiscal, or any other which may arise,&quot; I pass now to the 

 matter which more especially concerns us the nature of the 

 industrial regulation. The Indian cultivating groups, says 

 Sir Henry Maine: 



&quot;include a nearly complete establishment of occupations and trades 

 for enabling them to continue their collective life without assistance 

 from any person or body external to them. . . . They include several 

 families of hereditary traders ; the blacksmith, the harness maker, the 

 shoe maker. . . . There is invariably a village-accountant. . . . But 

 the person practising any one of these hereditary employments is really 

 a servant of the community as well as one of its component members. 

 He is sometimes paid by an allowance in grain, more generally by the 

 allotment to his family of a piece of cultivated land in hereditary 

 possession.&quot; 



So that these developed family-unions, maintained for mu 

 tual protection, show us at once the original identity of 

 political and industrial rule, the differentiation of occupa 

 tions within the group, and the partial development of an 

 individual ownership beyond that of personal belongings, 

 which, in some of the Hindu tribes, readily passes into com 

 plete ownership by separation of shares. 



786. In our own island, Wales yields the evidence least 

 broken and distorted by over-runnings and mixtures of races. 

 Describing the Welsh early social organization, Mr. See- 

 bohm writes as follows : 



In the &quot;tribal house the undivided household of free tribesmen, 

 comprising several generations down to the great-grandchildren of a 

 common ancestor, lived together; and, as already mentioned, even the 

 structure of the house was typical of the tribal family arrangement.&quot; 

 In a later work are kindred passages. 



