416 INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTIONS. 



may see in the groups formed, general resemblances to thoso 

 thus far considered. Accepting the view of Kemble, Cun 

 ningham writes : 



&quot; Tracts of uncultivated land were apportioned to groups of warriors 

 . . . The evidence of nomenclature seems to show that several men of 

 the same sept took up land together and formed a township.&quot; 

 Speaking of the resulting states as existing from the sixth to 

 the ninth centuries, he further says : 



&quot; We may then think of England as occupied by a large number of 

 separate groups, some of which were villages of free warriors, some 

 estates granted on more or less favourable terms ; as in all probability 

 there was comparatively little communication between them, they 

 would all be forced to try to raise their own food and provide their 

 clothing.&quot; 



And then the industrial economy sequent upon this structure 

 he describes thus : 



&quot;When the village community is really a self-sufficing whole, the 

 thatcher or smith is a member of the body, and pursues his craft with 

 out payment either by the hour or piece, because his livelihood is 

 secured to him in the form of so many bushels from each householder, 

 by the custom of the village ; he does what work is required in return 

 for his keep.&quot; 



&quot;Buying and selling did not go on between the members, but each 

 stood in a known customary relation to the rest.&quot; 

 Sir Henry Maine, guided in part by his knowledge of indus 

 trial arrangements in the Hindu village-community above 

 set forth, gives a kindred description. 



&quot;It is the assignment of a definite lot in the cultivated area to par 

 ticular trades, which allows us to suspect that the early Teutonic groups 

 were similarly self-sufficing. There are several English parishes in 

 which certain pieces of land in the common field have from time imme 

 morial been known by the name of a particular trade ; and there is 

 often a popular belief that nobody, not following the trade, can legally 

 be owner of the lot associated with it. And it is possible that we here 

 have a key to the plentifulness and persistence of certain names of 

 trades as surnames among us.&quot; 



But while the communal regulation of industry, as exem 

 plified first in the compound household and then in the 

 cluster of related families, gradually modified by the addi- 



