COMMUNAL REGULATION. 447 



tion of unprivileged outsiders, was mainly determined, and 

 for a long time maintained, in the ways above shown ; it was 

 in part maintained by the absence of a money-economy, and 

 the concomitant absence of industrial competition. If we 

 ask how a member of one of these communities could be re 

 munerated, when there existed no currency in which the 

 worth of his services to the rest could be stated, and no 

 means of measuring them against the services of others by 

 their relative market-values, we become conscious that this 

 system of combined living, or, later on, of assigning portions 

 of land or shares of products, was practically necessitated. 

 Emergence from the system of undivided earnings and com 

 mon property, into the system of divided earnings and pri 

 vate property, was necessarily gradual; and the develop 

 ment of a currency was at once a cause and a consequence. 

 It made definite division more practicable ; and the further 

 definite division was carried the greater became the need for 

 money to make payments with. 



