450 INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTIONS. 



leading occupations falling into the hands of particular indi 

 viduals or families. Industrial structures afterwards 

 reached, must have arisen from these germs. As shown by 

 several quotations in the last chapters, one of these village- 

 communities had a political government as well as an indus 

 trial government. Though originally coextensive, these, in 

 the ordinary course of evolution, presently ceased to be so; 

 and the industrial body, contained w T ithin the whole political 

 body, tended to acquire separateness: leaving outside of it 

 that mass of unprivileged and immigrant persons who had 

 no claims of kinship. If we ask what happened when ono 

 of these village-communities, favourably circumstanced, 

 grew to unusual size, or when several became united into a 

 small town, we may conclude that while increase in the num 

 bers of all those industrially occupied was followed by de 

 finite combination of them, smaller increases in the numbers 

 of those occupied in special trades must in smaller degrees 

 have also tended to produce segregation. The different kinds 

 of gilds must severally have had their indefinite forms 

 before they became known as gilds. Though at a late stage, 

 when gilds had become familiar combinations, new ones 

 might artificially assume definite shapes in imitation of 

 those already existing, we may not suppose that the original 

 gilds were formed artificially and definitely. But now carry 

 ing with us this preliminary conception let us contemplate 

 the evidence. 



788. Already it has been shown that naturally, as they 

 become specialized, occupations tend to become family- 

 occupations ; and, as families grow into stirps, to become the 

 occupations of increasing clusters of relatives. Alike be 

 cause of the ease with which each descendant is initiated in 

 the &quot; art and mystery &quot; of the craft, and because of the diffi 

 culty in the way of his admission as a worker in any other 

 group than the domestic one, he falls into the inherited kind 

 of business; and clan-monopolizations necessarily establish 



