452 INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTIONS. 



&quot; Each guild of carpenters, silkmen, masons, or even of physicians and 

 teachers, works to advance its own interests, keep its own members 

 in order, and defend itself against its opponents. Villagers form 

 themselves into organizations against the wiles of powerful clans ; and 

 unscrupulous officials are met and balked by popular unions when 

 they least expect it.&quot; 



Indications of family-origin are elsewhere yielded by the 

 localization of trades already illustrated in Hebrew usages. 

 For if gilds grew out of groups of kindred, the proximity of 

 like traders would of course result: relatives would gather 

 together for mutual protection. In Cairo at the present time 

 such localization may be observed, and harmonizes with 

 references contained in the Arabian Nights, which, though 

 fictions, furnish valid evidence of social habits. Again in 

 Shway Yoe s account of Burma w r e read : 



&quot; As in all Eastern towns, those who occupy themselves with a regular 

 handicraft all flock together. Thus the umbrella-makers and sellers of 

 sadlery live to the south of the Palace [at Mandalay] vendors of 

 bamboo-w T ork and lacquered boxes to the west, while the potters and 

 miscellaneous goods shops are mostly along the street that leads to 

 Payah Gyee.&quot; 



So, too, is it in Siberia. At Mjni Novgorod the streets 

 are called after the names of the merchandize sold therein. 

 And it was thus in ancient England. Says Kemble : 



&quot;We have evidence that streets, which afterwards did, and do yet, 

 bear the names of particular trades or occupations, were equally so 

 designated before the Norman Conquest, in several of our English 

 towns . . . Fellmonger, Horsemonger, and Fleshmonger, Shoewright, 

 and Shieldwright, Tanner and Salter Streets, and the like.&quot; 



Then, as ordinarily happens, that which grew up as a custom 

 tended to become a law. Early in the sixteenth century it 

 was enacted that 



&quot; Goldsmith s Row in Cheapside and Lombard Street should be 

 supplied with goldsmiths ; and that those who keep shops scatteringly 

 in other parts of the city should have shops procured for them 

 in Cheapside or Lombard Street, upon penalty that those of the 

 Assistants and Livery, that did not take care herein, should lose their 

 places.&quot; 



