466 INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTIONS. 



&quot; Often a man will pay a debt by giving up his own kindred to his 

 prosecutor. Those most liable to this treatment are his sisters, after 

 that his daughters, then his brothers, and then his father and mother.&quot; 



But that form of physical inferiority which is by far the 

 most general origin of slavery is militant inferiority. Dur 

 ing stages in which battles are made up of individual con 

 tests, this inferiority, either in strength or agility, is obvious 

 ly implied ; and it- continues to be implied until stages in 

 which the contests are between bodies of men acting to 

 gether. Speaking generally, we may regard slavery as a se 

 quence of war; for, of its several causes, war is the most 

 common and the most extensive in its results. 



Of other inferiorities whence slavery results, there has 

 next to be named crime. Enslavement as a punishment 

 occurs, or has occurred, among many peoples. The Jews 

 inflicted it for theft. So, too, in ancient Nicaragua 



&quot; A thief . . . became a slave to the person that had been robbed, 

 till he was satisfied ; he might be sold or played away, but not released, 

 without the consent of the cazique.&quot; 



And it was the same in Guatemala. At present in Angola 

 &quot;Almost every offence&quot; is &quot; punishable by slavery, to which not only 

 the guilty party, but even in many cases every member of his family 

 was liable.&quot; 



In early days among ourselves and other European peoples, 

 slavery was thus entailed, and it is thus entailed even now 

 in a sense; for convicts who are set to work are slaves to 

 the State. In Russia, where they are doomed to the mines, 

 this form of punishment is commonly employed. 



Next comes the slavery of the debtor. In many cases he 

 is simply unfortunate, but very generally his indebtedness 

 connotes one or other defect of nature. Of the many peoples 

 among whom the creditor could take possession of the debtor, 

 may be named the Jews. In the time of Matthew (xviii, 25) 

 insolvent men could be sold with their families, and this 

 penalty had long existed. In Old English times, too, the 

 creditor had the power to enslave the debtor. 



Less general than the above are two other derivations 



