SLAVERY. 467 



of slavery. One of them is kidnapping a process which 

 manifestly tended to arise where slavery had become an 

 industrial institution. Among the Greeks the being seized 

 and carried off was a danger constantly to be guarded against. 

 That kidnapping has not unfrequently occurred between 

 their times and ours, we may infer from the fact that not 

 many generations ago it occurred in Scotland, whence 

 entrapped men were shipped to the plantations. The other 

 occasional, but unusual, cause is that of extreme impoverish 

 ment by excessive taxation. Under Roman rule, so much 

 lauded by the many to whom nothing seems so admirable 

 as successful aggression, it was a cause widely operative. 

 People ruined by merciless exactions surrendered themselves 

 into slavery for the sake of maintenance. 



Only just noting these several origins of slavery, each 

 exemplified in one or two cases out of the multitudinous 

 cases which might be named, we may now pass to the con 

 sideration of slavery as originating from its chief cause, war; 

 and study the forms it takes as an industrial institution. 



796. Tribes which have not emerged from the hunting 

 stage are little given to enslaving the vanquished : if they do 

 not kill and eat them they adopt them. In the absence of 

 industrial activity, slaves are almost useless; and, indeed, 

 where game is scarce, are not worth their food. But where, 

 as among fishing tribes like the Chinooks, captives can be 

 of use, or where the pastoral and agricultural stages have 

 been reached, there arises a motive for sparing the lives of 

 conquered men, and, after inflicting on them such mutila 

 tions as mark their subjection, setting them to work. 



The instances to be first named are transitional ones 

 instances in which some of the prisoners are devoured and 

 others are made bond-servants. It was thus in ancient Mex 

 ico, where, Zurita says, &quot; the slaveG were very numerous,&quot; 

 but, according to Clavigero, when prisoners of war, were in 

 large part sacrificed to their cannibal gods : the ceremonial 



