SLAVERY. 469 



battle. Assyrian monuments, too, show us a like relation of 

 cause and effect. The Hebrews, both before and after their 

 Egyptian bondage, following defeat in war, were themselves 

 slave-owners on large and small scales. By the require 

 ment that subjection to Yahveh should be shown not only 

 by the circumcision of Abraham himself, but by the cir 

 cumcision of his bond-servants, it is proved that the in 

 stitution went back to primitive days; and there is proof 

 that it survived down to the latest times : the Essenes being 

 distinguished by reprobating slavery. And that the slaves 

 were in large measure prisoners of war, various passages 

 demonstrate. The Jews themselves in later days suffered 

 enslavement by the Romans: one conqueror alone, ISTicanor, 

 taking 180,000. 



The connexion between slavery and war thus made mani 

 fest, and chronically implied by the swarms of predial slaves 

 made to work as cattle under the Roman Empire, was shown 

 afterwards as before. Says Levasseur: 



&quot;When the Germans took possession of Gaul they found slave- 

 workmen in the State-manufactories, in private houses, and even in the 

 gilds. They appropriated part of them, and themselves reduced to 

 servitude a large number of free artizans.&quot; 



797. Some distinction, though an indefinite distinction, 

 may be drawn between undeveloped slavery and developed 

 slavery between those forms of it in which the slave-class 

 is small and little differentiated, and those in which it is large 

 and organized. 



In a primitive social group no considerable bodies of slaves 

 can be formed. Captives taken by individual victors are 

 scattered throughout the tribe : the females, while occupied 

 as domestics, being commonly concubines, and the males 

 burdened with the heavier tasks. Under these conditions 

 the slave is often imperfectly distinguished from members of 

 the family. Among the Hebrews ( clever and trustworthy 

 slaves rose occasionally to the posts of superintendent and 



