4:72 INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTIONS. 



And this employment of slaves in out-door tasks lias brought 

 about the gravest evils. Ellis writes 



There is reason to believe that domestic slavery has existed in Mada 

 gascar from time immemorial ; but the savage practice of exporting men 

 as slaves is said to have commenced scarcely more than a century ago.&quot; 

 In Africa the system is much more developed. Says Holub 

 of .the Marutse: 



The towns ... are generally surrounded by villages that are for 

 the most part tenanted by the vassal people, who till the fields and 

 tend the cattle of the masters who reside within the town itself.&quot; 

 Similarly in Ashanti, as shown in 796. 



&quot; Every caboceer or noble of Ashantee is the possessor of thousands 

 of slaves, and the inferior chieftains and captains own a lesser number. 

 . . . The slaves are employed in cultivating the plantations of their 

 masters, or in trading for them.&quot; 



How immensely developed this form of slavery was in 

 ancient times every reader knows. Movers writes of the 

 Phoenician towns that &quot; slaves formed by far the greatest 

 part of their population.&quot; Beyond the use of them for agri 

 culture, they were employed for other industrial purposes. 



11 The numerous factories and industrial establishments were filled 

 with working slaves. Myriads of slaves served as rowers on board the 

 merchant-men and men-of-war, e.g., 60,000 on the 300 Phoenician 

 triremes of the Persian fleet.&quot; 



Grecian life had like traits. In Athens, &quot; if the master cul 

 tivated his lands himself ... he employed numerous slaves 

 under an overseer, eV/rpoTro?, who was himself a slave.&quot; 

 All have heard of the extreme stage reached in Rome, 

 where the swarms of slaves on the estates of patricians 

 amounted sometimes to thousands. Being too numerous to 

 be effectually superintended, these were occasionally kept in 

 chains, not only while at work in the fields but at night in 

 the ergastulum ; a practice paralleled in the towns by chain 

 ing the house-porter to the doorway. 



That throughout barbarian Europe there existed analo 

 gous, if less developed, forms of slavery, domestic and pre 

 dial, goes without saying; since there went on the perpetual 



