SLAVERY. 473 



conflicts which lead to them. Kespecting early England, 

 Seebohm, verifying Kemble, says 



The theows were slaves, bought and sold in the market, and ex 

 ported from English ports across the seas as part of the commercial 

 produce of the island. Some of the theows were slaves by birth. But 

 it seems to have been a not uncommon thing for freemen to sell them 

 selves into slavery under the pressure of want.&quot; 

 In illustration of the generality of the institution among 

 the predecessors of the Saxons, may be quoted from See- 

 bohm the following passage concerning the Welsh tribes. 



&quot;Beneath the taeogs, as beneath the Saxon geneat and gebur, were 

 the caeths, or bondmen, the property of their owners, without tyddyn 

 and without land, unless such were assigned to them by their lord.&quot; 



If predial slavery as carried out among pagans has not 

 been in some respects paralleled among Christians, it has in 

 other respects been exceeded in its savagness ; for though in 

 ancient times kidnapping was by no means unknown, yet 

 most slaves were captives taken in war, or the descendants 

 of them. It remained for those whose professed creed tells 

 them to love their neighbours as themselves to develop, on a 

 vast scale, a system of wholesale kidnapping by proxy buy 

 ing from slave-raiders multitudes of Negroes, who, if they 

 survived the voyage, were set to work in gangs on plantations 

 under the driver s lash. 



798. Little has thus far been said respecting slavery as 

 an industrial institution. Some significant facts in elucida 

 tion of our special subject may, however, be set down. The 

 rise of slavery exhibits in its primary form the differentiation 

 of the regulative part of a society from the operative part. 



Everywhere the tendency is for one man to make another 

 man work for him. In the first stages the worker is physi 

 cally inferior, and often mentally inferior, to the one w r ho 

 makes him work ; so that labour becomes a sign of inferiority. 

 Consequently pride comes in to reinforce idleness. Then a 

 third feeling is added. Fighting with enemies and animals ia 

 the only occupation worthy of men. Thus three influences 



