4:80 INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTIONS. 



grants districts to inferior chiefs, who, again, have smaller 

 chiefs holding lands under them. Similarly in Africa : 



&quot; Scarcely would the slave of an Ashantee chief obey the mandate of 

 his king, without the special concurrence of his immediate master ; and 

 the slave of a slave will refuse obedience to his master s master.&quot; 



Of course along with the generality of this political or 

 ganization, with its gradations of subjection among rulers, 

 there has gone the generality of an organization on which it 

 rests the organization of workers. The system of serfdom, 

 like the other components of the feudal system, is, with 

 various modifications, widely represented in all parts of the 

 world. 



802. As sequences of an evolutionary process, the di 

 verse kinds of subjection must of course graduate one into 

 another. As the distinctions between different forms of 

 slavery are indefinite, so must there be an indefinite distinc 

 tion between slavery and serfdom, and between the several 

 forms of serfdom. Much confusion has arisen in describing 

 these respective institutions; and for the sufficient reason 

 that the institutions themselves are confused. When, for ex 

 ample, we read that among the Greeks slave-artisans who 

 worked independently, paid to their master &quot; a definite con 

 tribution out of their earnings and retained the rest them 

 selves,&quot; and when we remember that before the abolition of 

 serfdom in Russia, it was a common practice of the nobles to 

 let their serfs carry on businesses, paying certain sums for 

 the privilege, we see that little more than a nominal differ 

 ence of status distinguished the two kinds of bond servants. 

 Hence indefiniteness of serfdom must be expected in societies 

 of low types. 



Among Africans the Marutse yield an example. Under 

 these, when visited by Holub, were 18 large tribes sub 

 divided into 83 smaller ones tribes held as vassals of the 

 Marutse, but of which not more than a quarter paid tribute. 

 Strongly contrasted is the condition of the Anyasa, a tribe 



