494: INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTIONS. 



pens, one who is building a dwelling or gathering a crop is 

 helped by his neighbours, it is on the implied understanding 

 that help equivalent to that rendered will be afterwards 

 rendered to each of these neighbours: there is an agreement 

 to pay services for services. And then if one who does not 

 need such future services takes instead of them some con 

 crete object offered, we have a commencement of payment 

 for labour we have an undeveloped form of the contract to 

 give work for wages. 



Thus early initiated in a few cases, development of con 

 tract is impeded in many ways : some of them remaining to 

 be noted along with those already noted. At first, besides 

 the women, there are only warriors and enslaved captives. 

 The man who can be hired for wages does not exist. Again, 

 payments must be made in commodities, mostly inconvenient 

 to divide, and their values must be arbitrarily estimated. 

 Even when some kind of currency has arisen there cannot bo 

 any standard payment for labour until after the hiring of 

 labour has become general. Then there are the moral im 

 pediments. J^ot to be a warrior is dishonorable, and to do 

 the work which slaves commonly do is a disgrace. So that 

 even when there come to be men who w r ork for wages, thero 

 is great resistance to the growth of the class. It is true that 

 among the absolutely peaceful Eskimo, men who are unskil 

 ful sealers, or who have been impoverished perhaps by loss of 

 their kayaks, fall into the condition of assistants to others 

 who are better off ; but even here there is loss of reputation 

 an implied inferiority and a consequent aversion to work 

 ing in return for sustenance. 



Spite of difficulties, however, the higher institution grows. 

 Among some partially civilized races who have serfs there 

 are also free labourers. Thus, in Tahiti, according to Ellis, 

 &quot; the inferior chiefs generally hired workmen, paying them 

 a given number of pigs, or fathoms of cloth ; &quot; while, among 

 the Samoans, who have no servile classes, it is said of a master 

 carpenter that &quot; whenever this person goes to work, he has in 



