508 INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTIONS. 



within the communities, and to the &quot; facilities offered by 

 British Courts to secure separate enjoyment of communal 

 property/ 7 he says: 



&quot;Hence it has been that under the Dayabhaga law the communal 

 relations generally break off in the third or second generation, counting 

 from the founder of the family.&quot; 



And in India, as elsewhere, when once any degree of sepa 

 rate ownership comes to be recognized, the dissolving process 

 begins. Says Sir Henry Maine : 



&quot;With the Hindus it [the peculium] is the great cause of the disso 

 lution of the joint families, and it seems to be equally destructive in 

 the South Slavonian countries.&quot; 



On remembering that the permission to save a peculiurn 

 made possible among the Romans, and other peoples, the 

 self -ransoming of slaves, it is instructive to observe that it 

 also leads the way to independence of the communal mem 

 ber. The products of a slave s labour are owned by his 

 master, and the products of the labour of each unit in a 

 house-community are owned by the community. But just as 

 a slave desires to use his powers as he pleases and to have 

 all that the exercise of them brings him, so desires also a 

 member of a community who gives to it in labour more than 

 he gets in benefits. Each of them wishes to own himself 

 entirely, and each uses the pecidium he has acquired to 

 achieve this end. 



Finally, however, it must be remarked that the industrial 

 freedom achieved by the masses of men in the various ways 

 above described, still remains incomplete in most countries, 

 and remained incomplete even among ourselves within the 

 memories of living persons. Except in London, an artizan 

 could not carry on any other occupation than that to which 

 he had been apprenticed. It was not until 1814 that this 

 restriction was abolished; and not until 1824 was there 

 complete freedom to emigrate. Moreover, up to that date 

 the artizan was not allowed to travel about the kingdom in 

 search of work. 



