522 INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTIONS. 



associated with, their employes, separates itself into those 

 who own the capital and the implements and those who are 

 simple wage-earners living apart. 



819. &quot;We have seen that even in Tudor times the bring 

 ing together of many workers initiated a considerable divi 

 sion of labour. The description given of &quot; Jack of New- 

 bury s &quot; establishment, where for the making of cloth there 

 were carders, spinners, weavers, shearers, rowers, dyers, 

 fullers, packers, shows this. Close concentration was not 

 needful; since spinning, weaving, dyeing, &c., could be as 

 conveniently, or more conveniently, carried on in buildings 

 merely adjacent to one another. But a minute division of 

 labour can arise only along with the gathering of workers 

 under the same roof. The familiar illustration given by 

 Adam Smith, serves to enforce this truth. The passing of 

 every pin through the hands of eighteen or more operatives, 

 each doing his particular part towards its completion, would 

 be greatly impeded if after each modification it had to be 

 taken from one building to another, instead of from one 

 bench to another. But this integration, differentiation, and 

 combination, of factory hands, was brought to its extreme 

 only by the aid of a new factor a common motor for many 

 machines. Water-power was used in France as far back as 

 the sixth century for grinding corn; and at a later period 

 (the close of the 16th century) the water-wheel was em 

 ployed for driving mills having other purposes. To some in 

 genious man there occurred the thought that a process 

 which, like that of weaving, consists of perpetually-repeated 

 similar motions in the same order, might be effected auto 

 matically. Once reduced to practice in a single case, this 

 theory presently extended itself .to other cases; and, by 

 driving-shafts and driving-bands, power was communicated 

 from a water-wheel to many machines: the result being 

 that each artisan, no longer called upon to move his ma 

 chine, had only to superintend its action. In England the 



