CHAPTEK XX 



TRADE-UNIONISM. 



825. AMONG those carrying on their lives under like 

 conditions, whether in respect of place of living or mode of 

 living, there arise in one way diversities of interests and in 

 another way unities of interests. In respect of place of liv 

 ing this is seen in the fact that members of a tribe or nation 

 have unity of interests in defending themselves against ex 

 ternal enemies, while internally they have diversities of in 

 terests prompting constant quarrels. Similarly in respect 

 of mode of living. Those who pursue like occupations, 

 being competitors, commonly have differences, as is implied 

 by the proverb &quot; Two of a trade can never agree; &quot; but in 

 relation to bodies of men otherwise occupied, their interests 

 are the same, and sameness of interests prompts joint actions 

 for defence. In preceding chapters history has shown how 

 this general law was illustrated in old times among traders. 

 Now we have to observe how in modern times it is illustrated 

 among their employes. 



Union of artisans for maintenance of common advantages 

 is traceable in small rude societies, even before master and 

 worker are differentiated. Turner tells us that in Samoa 

 &quot;It is a standing custom, that after the sides and one end of the 

 house are finished, the principal part of the payment be made ; and it is 

 at this time that a carpenter, if he is dissatisfied, will get up and walk 

 off. . . . Nor can the chief to whom the house belongs employ another 

 party to finish it. It is a fixed rule of the trade, and rigidly adhered to, 

 that no one will take up the work which another party has thrown 

 down.&quot; 



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