CHAPTER XXL 



COOPERATION. 



833. SOCIAL life in its entirety is carried on by coopera 

 tion, and the use of the word to distinguish a special form of 

 social life is a narrow use of it. As was pointed out when 

 treating of Political Institutions ( 441), a nation s activities 

 are divisible into two leading kinds of cooperation, distin 

 guishable as the conscious and the unconscious the one 

 being militant and the other industrial. The commander, 

 officers, and common soldiers forming an army, consciously 

 act together to achieve a given end. The men engaged in 

 businesses of all kinds, severally pursuing private ends, act 

 together to achieve a public end unthought of by them. 

 Considered in the aggregate, their actions subserve the wants 

 of the whole society; but they are not dictated by an au 

 thority, and they are carried on by each with a view to his 

 own welfare, and not with a view to the welfare of all. 



In our days, however, there have arisen sundry modes of 

 working together for industrial purposes, accompanied by 

 consciousness of a common end, like the working together 

 for militant purposes. There is first that mode lately de 

 scribed under the title of &quot; Compound Capital &quot; the co 

 operation of shareholders in joint-stock companies. Though 

 such shareholders do not themselves achieve the ends for 

 which they unite, yet, both by jointly contributing money 

 and by forming an administration, they consciously cooper 

 ate. Under another form we see cooperation in the actions 



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