554: INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTIONS. 



of trade-unions. Though their members do not work to 

 gether for purposes of production, yet their trade-regulations 

 form a factor in production; and their working together is 

 conspicuously of the conscious kind. 



But in this chapter our topic is that mode of consciously 

 working together for industrial purposes, which now mo 

 nopolizes the word cooperation. The question here tacitly 

 raised is whether social sustentation can be carried on best 

 by that unconscious cooperation which has naturally evolved 

 itself in the course of civilization, or whether it can be 

 carried on best by this special form of conscious cooperation 

 at present advocated and to some extent practised. 



834. Conscious cooperation for industrial purposes is, 

 in the earliest stages of social life, closely associated with 

 conscious cooperation for militant purposes. The habit of 

 acting together against human enemies, naturally passes 

 into the habit of acting together against brute enemies or 

 prey. Even among intelligent animals, as wolves, W T C see 

 this kind of cooperation; and it is common among hunting 

 tribes, as those of North America, where herds of buffalo, 

 for instance, are dealt with by combined attacks. Occasion 

 ally, cooperation for the capture of animals is of a much 

 higher order. Barrow and Galton tell us that in South 

 Africa elaborately constructed traps of vast extent, into 

 which beasts are driven, are formed by the combined efforts 

 of many Bushmen. 



Among others of the uncivilized and semi-civilized there 

 are incipient cooperations more properly to be classed as 

 industrial. Of the Bodo and Dhimals Hodgson says 



&quot;They mutually assist each other for the nonce, as well in construct 

 ing their houses as in clearing their plots of cultivation, merely 

 providing the helpmates with a plentiful supply of beer.&quot; 

 Similarly Grange tells us of the Nagas that 



&quot; In building houses, neighbours are required by custom to assist 

 each other, for which they are feasted by the person whose house they 

 are building&quot;.&quot; 



