558 INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTIONS. 



stitution, it would seem that these artels are really develop 

 ments of the primitive compound family, the traits of which 

 we contemplated in the chapter on &quot; Communal Regula 

 tion/ 7 and which once prevailed widely in the east of Eu 

 rope. One of their rules was that those of their members 

 who travelled in search of work had to hand over to the 

 group the profits they made; and if we suppose this rule to 

 have held after the compound household or village-com 

 munity had dissolved, the &quot; artel &quot; would result.* 



In Bulgaria there have existed, and continue to exist, 

 though they are not now flourishing, certain kindred asso 

 ciations. There are cooperative groups of market-gardeners, 

 masons, and bakers. The gardeners associations, Jirec&quot;ek 

 says, go from town to town, and sometimes abroad, during a 

 certain part of the year. On inland tours they number 6 to 

 12 in a group; on foreign tours 40 to 70. Each group is 

 under the lead of a master or elder who keeps the accounts 

 and acts as treasurer. 



836. Before passing to cooperation as ordinarily under 

 stood, there have still to be noticed some further industrial 

 organizations which in a measure come under the title 

 organizations which are intermediate between those of the 

 ordinary master-and-workmen form, and those composed of 

 workers who are themselves masters. I refer, of course, to 

 concerns in which profit-sharing is practised. 



The adoption of this system, of which there are many 

 instances on the Continent, while in part prompted by re- 



* Verification has since come to hand in a dissertation on the Russian 

 artels by Dr. Stiihr. Each body consists of a small number, in close fraternal 

 relation. There is associated living, in respect of food, dwelling, work, and 

 pleasure. There is subordination to a head, who represents the group to 

 the outer world. He is the sole legislator and directs the entire life of the 

 association. Implicit obedience is given to him, and like a family-head he 

 is subject to no control from the members. At first it seemed that the artel 

 was incongruous as occurring in Russia. It is now manifest that, as a 

 despotic industrial organization, it harmonizes with the despotic political 

 organization. 



