594 INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTIONS. 



or towards ownership of each man by himself, and towards 

 the corresponding emotions and thoughts. Practically it 

 matters little what is the character of the ownership by 

 others whether it is ownership by a monarch, by an oli 

 garchy, by a democratic majority, or by a communistic organ 

 ization. The question for each is how far he is prevented 

 from using his faculties for his own advantage and com 

 pelled to use them for others advantage, not what is the 

 power which prevents him or compels him. And the evi 

 dence now to be contemplated shows that submission to 

 ownership by others increases or decreases according to the 

 conditions; no matter whether the embodiment of such 

 others is political, social, or industrial. 



848. Germany, already before 1870 having a highly 

 organized military system, has since been extending and 

 improving it. All physically fit men between certain ages 

 are soldiers either in preparation, in actual service, or in 

 reserve; and this ownership of subjects by the State extends 

 even to those who have gone abroad. For the support of its 

 vast armaments those engaged in civil life are more and 

 more taxed ; which means that to the extent of those parts 

 of their earnings taken by the State, they are owned by the 

 State : their powers being used for its purposes and not for 

 their own. And approach to an entirely militant type of 

 structure is shown in the growing autocratic power of the 

 soldier-emperor; who is swayed by the absolutely pagan 

 thought of responsibility to ancestors in heaven. 



Further, the German citizen does not fully own himself 

 while carrying on his civil life, outdoor and indoor. The 

 control of his industrial activities is still like that of mediae 

 val days. The old system of bounties is in force ; and along 

 with this goes, in the case of sugar, a tax on internal con 

 sumption, as well as a prescribed limit to the amount pro 

 duced. Then there is the recent restraining of Stock- 

 Exchange transactions and interdicting of time-dealing in 



