600 INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTIONS. 



armaments and of aggressive activities, have brought changes 

 towards the militant social type; alike in development of 

 the civil organization with its accompanying sentiments and 

 ideas, and in the spread of socialistic theories. Before the 

 great modern growths of continental armies had com 

 menced, there were frequent scares about our unprepared 

 state ; and since that time increases in fortifications, vessels 

 of war, and numbers of troops, have been again after a while 

 followed by alarmist representations of our defencelessness, 

 followed by further increases. See the result. From figures 

 kindly supplied to me by a high official, it appears that in 

 1846 (making a proportionate estimate of the militia, the 

 number of which was not ascertainable) our land forces of 

 all kinds at home and abroad, of English blood, numbered 

 about 2GO,000, and our sea-forces about 42,000; while at 

 the present time their respective numbers are 714,000 and 

 93,000. So that, broadly speaking, in the course of 50 

 years the strength of the navy has been more than doubled, 

 and that of the army nearly trebled. Meanwhile the total 

 annual expenditure for armaments and defences has risen 

 to over 35,000,000. For a generation the volunteer move 

 ment has been accustoming multitudes of civilians to mili 

 tary rule, while re-awakening their fighting instincts. On 

 groups of upper-class boys in public schools, who have 

 their drills and even their sham fights, and on groups of 

 lower-class boys in London, such as the Church Lads Bri 

 gade, regimental discipline is similarly brought to bear; 

 and in both cases with expressed approval from priests of 

 the religion of peace. While in permanent camps, in an 

 nual reviews and sham fights of volunteers, as well as in the 

 more important military manoeuvres for which spaces are 

 to be forcibly taken, we are shown a recrudescence of the 

 organization and life appropriate to war, joined now with 

 advocacy of conscription by leading soldiers and approval 

 of it by &quot; advanced &quot; artizans. Meanwhile, with growth of 

 armaments has gone growth of aggressiveness. More and 



