80 CARNOT. 



pose at the same time that 10, the first term of the 

 second ratio, surpasses -f~ 10, the second term of the 

 same ratio ; 10 cannot be, at the same time, both infe 

 rior and superior to -f- 10.* 



Such is, in substance, one of the principal arguments 

 on which our member grounds his view, that the notion 

 of absolute or comparative magnitude should not be ap 

 plied to negative quantities any more than to imaginary 

 ones ; that we cannot examine whether they are greater 

 or less than zero ; that they must be considered &quot;as 

 creations of our reason, as mere algebraical forms.&quot; 



When the genius of Descartes had shown that the posi 

 tions of all possible curves, their forms, and the whole of 

 their properties, might be exactly included in analytical 

 equations, the question of negative quantities presented 

 itself under an entirely new light. The illustrious philos- 



* 10 is neither inferior nor superior to + 10; it is equal to it; 

 though not algebraically = ; but in taking, as our author does, the 

 sense of mathematical formulas, 10 is just as good and as strong in 

 its way as -j- 10 in its other way. Indeed and -j- are merely sym 

 bols of action one way or the other; notwithstanding the ordinary 

 translation of minus, being &quot;less,&quot; whereas it simply means nega 

 tive, the opposite of positive. And though it is most habitual to our 

 ideas to consider every thing in a positive light, the negative value is 

 just as real; a correct appreciation of it only requiring the knowledge 

 of where the zero of the peculiar subjects treated of is placed, which 

 should always be one of the data in a mathematical question; thus 

 10 feet below the level of the sea are just as efficient as 10 feet above, 

 and 10 degrees below any level in the thermometer are a perfect match 

 for 10 degrees above. In fact, 10 may be less than -j- 10 in our 

 usual manner of viewing positive things; yet mathematically and 

 truly it is not less, nor greater, but just as great. Perhaps calling 

 a quantity less than nothing, has occasioned a confusion of terms; 

 for it is merely a quantity on the other side of zero, which is only a 

 symbol of equilibrium, or of no power one way or the other. The 

 place and value of zero depend on the class of subjects treated of, and 

 are previously known from experience. Translator. 



