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the starting point of the mathematical line, that the mathemati 

 cal point should be the beginning of the mathematical line; for 

 if we have no mathematical point we cannot have a mathemati 

 cal line. The mathematical line, again, is the limit of the 

 mathematical area; and the area is the primery conception of 

 the mathematical body all these mathematical figures being 

 mental concepts of things which exist in actuality. To be more 

 explicit and concise I say, extension itself is not abstract but 

 concrete. The conception of extension consists of three dimen 

 sions: length, width, ?md hight which every compound object 

 of actual existence has. Mind itself is not limited by three 

 dimensions. But mind judges about the dimensions which limit 

 the compound objects of actual existence. Descartes himself 

 admits this (Axiom 7, the quiddity of matter is extension). 

 Extension, therefore, is limited and not actually divisible in the 

 mind; for the extension in abstract, in the mind, is a symbol to 

 a thing which cannot in actuality be divided. Thus, matter, 

 which is extension even according to Descartes, is not endlessly 

 divisible. Atoms therefore exist, because the matter of every 

 compound object can be divided only in the atoms of which it 

 is composed, but the atoms themselves which are the beginning 

 of matter, the origin of limitation, they must be themselves 

 limited, they must be indivisible and non-compound; for the 

 particularized existence of the universe in actuality is limited in 

 time and in space, it must be an origin of limitation, that there 

 are atoms in actual existence in their indivisible state. The 

 whole mathematical conclusion of Descartes is herewith broken 

 up; the cogitation of mind which is absolutely limitless thinks 

 of countless large circles within the area between the tangent 

 and the periphery of a circle, although the mind itself, at the 

 same time, teaches us as a necessity, that the actual area, as 

 limited matter, cannot be in actuality divided without end. By 

 the same argument falls to the ground also the most important 

 proposition of Spinoza. 



According to Spinoza, the extension is an attribute of 

 divinity or God himself is in extension; that divinity which is 

 absolute wisdom is also absolute matter, constituting both the 



