1 8 THE SCIENCE OF LOGIC. 



logical terms, their properties and divisions ; with their function 

 as predicates and with the different modes of predicating, i.e. with 

 the pr&dicamenta and pr&dicabilia. 



The second mental process is judgment (judtcium} ; its pro 

 duct has the same name a judgment ; and the expression of the 

 latter in words is a proposition (proposztio). Hence another sec 

 tion of logic will deal with the nature and import of judgment ; 

 with propositions, their divisions and immediate implications. 



The third mental act is inference or reasoning (ratiocinium or 

 ratiocinatid] ; its product is called an inference or an argument 

 (argumentunt) ; and the verbal expression of the latter is called 

 an inference simply in the case of immediate reasoning, an argu 

 ment or syllogism in the case of mediate reasoning. Hence a third 

 section of logic dealing with mediate inferences and syllogisms, 

 their various kinds, canons and combinations. 



But the mind does not in its actual working isolate those three 

 acts from one another, nor does it rest content with mere spon 

 taneous and fragmentary reasoning about anything and everything 

 that comes before it It endeavours to introduce order into its 

 own acts ; to arrange its reasonings according to their respective 

 objects ; to group the judgments and arguments it has formulated 

 about any given subject-matter according to their natural depen 

 dence on one another. In other words it tries to make its know 

 ledge scientific. For it is by thus connecting together all its 

 judgments and reasonings about any object of study, by going 

 around (discurrere, discursus] the different aspects of it and viewing 

 them together (comprehendere, complecti) that the mind builds up a 

 science. This mental process is not distinct from, but is a combina 

 tion of, the three acts already described. But the methodhy which 

 these latter should be combined in order to secure scientific know 

 ledge is of the highest importance ; and it forms the subject-matter 

 of a distinct section of the science of logic. It is only by thus 

 synthesizing (crvvrLOri^i} our reasoning processes and arranging in 

 proper order the judgments which give us fragmentary explanations 



subservient to conscious, intellectual thought proper : sense perception, imagination, 

 memory and association of sense images, etc. Leaving the investigation of these 

 and other sub-conscious or semi-conscious cognitive processes to psychology, it 

 pursues its analysis of mature reasoning processes and their products only within 

 and not beyond the domain of clearly conscious intellectual thought. At the same 

 time it is inevitable that many matters lying on the debatable borderland of the two 

 sciences will be found in logic especially in the inductive portion as well as in 

 psychology. 



