34 THE SCIENCE OF LOGIC. 



of method by which the mind may be guided not merely to sub 

 jective consistency but also to objective truth. 



21. LOGIC AND RHETORIC These have kindred aims, that of 

 logic being to convince by appealing to the intellect, that of 

 rhetoric to persuade by appealing rather to the emotions. Both 

 sciences touch psychology, the former in the intellectual, the latter 

 in the emotional domain. But rhetoric is more intimately con 

 nected with the study of Language and Literature than logic is. 



22. LOGIC AND GRAMMAR : Thought and Language : Words, 

 Syncategorematic and Categorematic : Parts of Speech : Names 

 and Terms, Single - worded and Many - worded. Besides the 

 grammar of each particular language there is a science of Uni 

 versal or General Grammar which investigates the laws to which 

 all languages must conform. It deals with the mutual relations 

 of those parts of speech that are essential to all rational language, 

 and investigates their connexions with the thoughts they express. 

 Having language as its subject-matter, this general grammar is 

 closely connected with logic, whose subject-matter is the thought 

 itself: for logic deals also, in a secondary way, with language, 

 which is inseparable from thought. Language may be defined 

 as a system of articulate sounds produced by the organs of speech 

 and used as instruments of thought and as signs for the communica 

 tion of thought. This is a definition of the oral or spoken language 

 of man. It does not include the cries, barks, bleatings and various 

 other more or less inarticulate calls (voces} which animals instinc 

 tively use as signs to manifest and communicate their conscious 

 states. These are in a wider sense called the &quot; language &quot; of 

 animals. Nor does the definition include the &quot; language &quot; of 

 gesture ; nor ideographic writing which stands immediately and 

 directly for objects of thought without the intermediary aid of 

 spoken language (hieroglyphics, for instance) ; nor, properly speak 

 ing, does it include the systems of signs used by deaf-mutes. It 

 does, however, indirectly include the ordinary or phonographic 

 written language, inasmuch as the written words of the latter 

 are visual symbols of the spoken words themselves ; and also 

 the systems of raised print invented for the blind to read by the 

 sense of touch. 



Language, whether oral or written, is accordingly a system of 

 signs used for the communicating and recording of thought. And 

 this is undoubtedly the leading function of language : communicat- 

 jng our thoughts orally, and storing up a record of them by com- 



