36 THE SCIENCE OF LOGIC. 



point at which it expresses the simplest conscious element of intel 

 lectual thought the concept. Just as the logical analysis of thought 

 does not proceed farther back than the concept , so neither does the 

 logical analysis of language go beyond the term or name. 



From the point of view of logic, therefore, words fall not into 

 nine parts of speech but into two great classes : into words which, 

 of and by themselves, express a concept, a notion, an idea ; and 

 words which do not : that is to say, into words that are logical 

 terms or names, and words that are not such. The former 

 are called Categorematic Words ; the latter, Syncategorematic 

 Words (from crvv, and /carrjyopeo), / predicate}. The former can 

 stand by themselves as subjects, or at least as predicates, of logical 

 propositions, the latter only in connexion with some categorematic 

 word, without which they remain meaningless. All such non 

 significant words are, by themselves, outside the scope of logic ; all 

 significant words logic places in one class calling them &quot; names&quot; 

 or &quot; terms &quot; whatever grammatical parts of speech they may 

 happen to be. The parts of speech which are significant or categore 

 matic, and which can therefore be subjects cr predicates of a logical 

 judgment, are primarily the substantive and the adjective. Pro 

 nouns in the nominative case, standing for nouns, are also categore 

 matic. Participles and possessive and demonstrative adjectives and 

 the possessive case of nouns and pronouns, are logically equivalent 

 to adjectives, and, therefore, also categorematic. All verbs are 

 changed in logic to participles united with the verb to be which 

 is the only verb recognized by logic, being the copula or connecting 

 link between subject and predicate in all statements when reduced 

 to logical form. Adverbs, being mere modes or qualifications of 

 adjectives and participles, have no meaning of themselves and 

 apart from what they qualify, and are therefore Syncategorematic. 

 So likewise are prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections (74). 



Nor is the grammatical analysis of the sentence into substantive 

 (or pronoun) and verb the same as the logical analysis of the 

 proposition into subject and predicate (78, 96). Not all gram 

 matical sentences are logical propositions, but only those which 

 make a statement, by the indicative mood of the verb used. On the 

 other hand, grammar recognizes no form of words as a sentence 

 unless it contains, explicitly or equivalently, a noun and a verb ; 

 whereas logic takes account of even monosyllabic exclamations, 

 such as &quot; Fire ! &quot; : but claims the liberty to restate their meaning 

 fully and explicitly in the prepositional form of subject, copula, 



