DEFINITION. 1 1 1 



cept itself should be defined independently of the negative or 

 privative concept. 



In regard to what are called material contradictories (38) or 

 &quot; counter-alternatives &quot; l such as male and female organisms, 

 odd and even numbers, real and personal property, straight and 

 curved lines, citizens and aliens, etc. if we define one member 

 of any such pair as the contradictory of the other &quot;alien,&quot; for 

 instance, as &quot; one who is not a citizen of this country &quot; we must 

 define this other independently of the former ; else we violate 

 Rule III. by a circulus in definiendo. 



VENN, Empirical Logic, chap. xi. WELTON, Logic, bk. i., v. CLARKE, 

 Logic, pt. i., chap. x. JOSEPH, Logic, chap, v., pp. 188-90. KEYNES, 

 Formal Logic, pp. 31-40. 



1 JOSEPH, op. cit., p. 99. 



