148 THE SCIENCE OF LOGIC. 



Passio are merely different aspects of the same reality Change, 

 or Motus, in the wide, Aristotelean sense of the latter term. And 

 the Scholastics embodied this view in the maxim : Actio et passio 

 sunt idem numero motus. All three concepts are involved in the 

 notion of Causality, which in turn suggests a concept that comes 

 under the category of Relation, viz. the relation between cause 

 and effect. And the question whether Relation itself (777)09 rt) is 

 ever in any case a mode of real being, distinct from the other 

 modes or categories which give rise to it and are its foundations, 

 or whether it is always, on the contrary, a mere mental mode of 

 conceiving the latter, a mere &quot; intentio logica&quot; has been always a 

 controverted point among Scholastics. Again, the categories Ubi 

 and Quando are aspects or determinations of the category of 

 Quantity, which they in a certain sense presuppose. So, too, the 

 category of Situs (fceicrQai) presupposes Quantity, Place, and 

 Relation ; and the category of State or Condition (e^eti&amp;gt;, se habere] 

 presupposes those of Quantity, Action, and perhaps Quality 

 and Relation. 1 



But even although some of Aristotle s categories may thus be 

 possibly derivations from others, this is not a serious objection to 

 their inclusion in the list. Even though certain of our commonly 

 recognized determinations of thought and being may be found 

 on deeper analysis to be reducible to others, still, so long as they 

 are clearly distinct from others in .men s thoughts generally, and 

 are themselves sufficiently wide and simple and fundamental, they 

 may justly claim recognition in a logical scheme the object of 

 which is to procure and promote clearness in our thinking pro 

 cesses. 



Many of the objections urged from various quarters against 

 the Aristotelean categories are based on misconceptions of 

 Aristotle s real aim, and therefore call for no explicit or detailed 

 notice. It is much easier to criticize his scheme as cramped, or 

 artificial, or arbitrary, than to suggest real amendments, or to 

 substitute a better one. 



1 &quot; Sed sciendum est quod praedicata diversificantur secundum diversos modos 

 praedicandi. Unde idem, secundum quod diversimode de diversis praedicatur, ad 

 diversa praedicamenta pertinet. Locus enim secundum quod praedicatur de locante, 

 pertinet ad genus quantitatis. Secundum autem quod praedicatur denominative de 

 locate, constituit praedicamentum ubi. Similiter motus, secundum quod praedicatur 

 de subjecto in quo est, constituit praedicamentum passionis. Secundum autem quod 

 praedicatur de eo a quo est, constituit praedicamentum actionis.&quot; ST. THOMAS, In 

 Metaph. lib. xi., sect. 9. Cf. JOSEPH, op. cit., pp. 46-7. JOYCE, Logic, p. 141. 



