1 68 THE SCIENCE OF LOGIC. 



though, under this rubric, discussions regarding the interpretation 

 and comparison of prepositional schemes (91-93, 99-109) are 

 often likewise included. Both classes of questions will be gradu 

 ally raised by an investigation of the various kinds of judgments and 

 propositions which a little reflection will reveal to us as exemplified 

 in ordinary human thought and discourse. What are the various 

 mental modes or forms in which judgments can convey meaning 

 as interpretations of reality ? This is not an easy question to 

 answer ; but logicians are pretty generally agreed that an attempt 

 to answer it reveals four distinct bases, or fundamenta divisionis, on 

 each of which judgments may be divided, namely, quality, quan 

 tity, modality, and relation. On the details of the classification, how 

 ever, there is some divergence of opinion and practice. We have al 

 ready (76) encountered Kant s objectionable subdivisions of 

 judgments under each of the four heads just mentioned. We 

 purpose to substitute for them the classes set down in the follow 

 ing scheme. 



Judgments may be divided on the basis of 



I. QUALITY, into (a) Affirmative, e.g. . . . 5 is P : 



and (b) Negative, e.g. . . . S is not P 



II. QUANTITY, into (a) Universal: 



(a) General, e.g. . . All S is P 

 (/3) Singular, e.g. . . This S is P 

 and (b) Particular or Indefinite, e.g. . Some S is P 



III. MODALITY, into (a) Modal: 



(a) Apodeictic or Necessary, e.g. . S must (not) be P 

 (yQ) Problematic or Contingent, e.g. S may (need not) be P 

 and (b) Pure or Non-Modal or Assertoric. 



IV. RELATION, into (a) Simple : 



(a) Categorical (Assertoric],^ e.g. . All S s that are M are P 

 (/3) Conditional (Modal)* e.g. . If any S is M it is P 



and (b) Compound : 



f( i ) Alternative (Assertoric); 1 e.g. . Either A or B 1 



a \(2) and its denial, the Remotive, e.g. . Neither A nor B 



(1) Conjunctive or Copulative (Assertoric)? e.g. Both A and B 



(2) And its denial, the Disjunctive, 4 e.g. Not both A and B 



1 In the various examples given, S, M , and P, stand for terms, A and B for 

 simple propositions. 



a Cf. infra, 144. 8 infra, 135, 4 infra, 141. 



