KINDS OF JUDGMENTS AND PROPOSITIONS. 169 



J(i) Hypothetical (Modal), 1 e.g. If A then necessarily B 

 {(2) and its denial, e.g. . . If A then not necessarily B 



84. JUDGMENTS CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO RELATION. A 

 glance at the various members under the last head of division will 

 show how fundamental the division is, and how widely different are 

 the types of judgment brought together under it. We have illus 

 trated all that has been said about judgment so far by choosing as ex 

 amples simple categorical judgments. It is with these in the main we 

 shall continue to deal for the present, deferring to subsequent chap 

 ters our examination of the various kinds of compound judgments. 

 The full import of the present division will be grasped only when 

 we have analysed the nature of hypothetical and alternative judg 

 ments, and compared these with the categorical. 2 Here, then, we 

 will be content with a brief explanation of the distinctions involved, 

 and a simple definition of each of the members. 



The simplest form of judgment is the categorical : it is an 

 absolute, unconditional affirmation or denial of something (P) 

 about something (5). It enters as an element into all compound 

 judgments. 



A compound judgment &quot; may be defined as a judgment into 

 the composition of which other judgments enter as elements &quot;. 3 



A conjunctive 4 (or copulative] judgment is one which asserts 

 that two (or more) simple judgments are true conjointly, or 

 together. 



A disjunctive 5 judgment is one which disjoins or separates 

 two (or more) simple judgments by denying that they are true 

 together. 



A hypothetical judgment is one which affirms (or denies) that 

 the truth of one simple judgment (B) is a necessary consequence 

 of the truth of another (A]. 



1 C/. infra, 138. 2 infra, 132-5, 146. 



* KEYNES, Formal Logic, pp. 82, 478. His treatment is here followed. It is a 

 distinct improvement on the triple division into categorical, hypothetical, and dis 

 junctive. It is practically impossible, however, to find an entirely satisfactory 

 nomenclature. The categorical judgment is simple, no doubt, as opposed to the 

 types of judgment described here as compound, but it may itself be expressed either 

 by a SIMPLE or by a COMPLEX (categorical) PROPOSITION, according as the latter has 

 a simple or a complex term either as subject or as predicate (ibid., p. 478). 



4 Some logicians use the term conjunctive as synonymous with hypothetical. 



3 Most logicians apply the title disjunctive to what we have called alternative 

 judgments (141). Though the disjunctive (&quot; Not both A and B &quot;) implies an alternative 

 (&quot; Either not-A or not-B &quot;), it is better to keep the two forms and names distinct. 



