CHAPTER III. 



QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF CATEGORICAL JUDGMENTS 

 AND PROPOSITIONS. 



91. THE TRADITIONAL FOURFOLD SCHEME OF PROPOSI 

 TIONS: DISTRIBUTION OF TERMS. We have divided proposi 

 tions into Affirmative and Negative in quality, and into Univer 

 sal and Particular in quantity. This broad, traditional division 

 will serve as starting-point for dealing with quality and quantity ; 

 and it will be found convenient to treat of both these properties 

 of the judgment together. Both are sometimes said to constitute 

 the form of the proposition as distinct from its material ele 

 ments, the subject and predicate. The quality affects the copula, 

 being expressed by &quot;is (are),&quot; &quot;is (are) not&quot; ; and the division 

 of propositions into affirmative and negative is sometimes said 

 to be the &quot;formal&quot; division, the division ratione formae. The 

 various signs of quantity constitute a second formal element, 

 affecting the subject of the proposition. The latter will be 

 universal or particular according as the predication made in 

 the judgment refers explicitly to the whole denotation, or only 

 to an indefinite portion of the denotation, of the subject ; or, to 

 express the same distinction more briefly, according as the sub 

 ject is distributed or undistributed. The predicate, too, of a pro 

 position may, if its denotation is considered, be distributed or un 

 distributed, as we shall see presently ; but this does not affect 

 the quantity of the proposition : the latter depends on the 

 quantity of the subject alone, not of the predicate. 



Combining quantity with quality, we have the four proposi 

 tions of the traditional logical scheme : the Universal Affirmative, 

 the Particular Affirmative^ the Universal Negative and the 

 Particular Negative. These are represented by the first two 

 vowels of the words affirmo and nego respectively, A, E, 7, and 

 O ; and the corresponding propositions may be thus expressed 

 symbolically*: 



186 



