1 88 THE SCIENCE OF LOGIC. 



it totally excludes the 5 s referred to in the proposition, from any 

 place in the denotation ofP: to do which, it must, of course, 

 refer to the whole denotation of P, or, in other words, distribute P. 

 For example, the proposition &quot; No men are angels &quot; means that 

 no men possess that nature which is found in any and every being 

 in the class of &quot;angels,&quot; and in virtue of which these beings are 

 each and all called angels ; in other words, it means that &quot; no 

 men are any angels &quot; (and not merely that &quot; no men are some 

 angels, although they might perhaps be, or be identical with, other 

 angels &quot;) ; that is to say, the whole denotation of the term 

 &quot;angels &quot; is explicitly referred to, and explicitly excluded from, 

 the subject &quot; all men &quot; : the predicate is distributed. Similarly, 

 if we say &quot; These men are not Americans,&quot; we mean that they are 

 not any Americans, that the whole class, &quot; Americans,&quot; does not 

 contain anywhere within its denotation the men referred to : the 

 predicate is distributed. 



Summing up the results reached in this way, we see that 



Universals [A and E] distribute their SUBJECTS. 



Particulars [/ and O] do not. 



Negatives [E and O] distribute their PREDICATES. 



Affirmatives [A and /] do not. 



Or, in other words, 



E distributes both subject and predicate. 

 A subject only. 



predicate only. 



1 neither subject nor predicate. 



92. UNIVERSAL PROPOSITIONS. A Universal Proposition is 

 one in which the predication is made about the whole denotation of 

 the subject. The subject may be a class, expressed by a general 

 term ; or it may be a single individual, expressed by a singular 

 term. Hence arise two sub-classes of the universal proposition, 

 viz. the General and the Singular. 



(a] General Propositions. A General Proposition is one in 

 which the predication is made distributively about each and every 

 member of a class. The usual quantitative signs of the general 

 proposition are All, Each, Every, Any: e.g. &quot;All men are 

 mortal,&quot; &quot; Each member was shown to a seat,&quot; &quot;Every man has 

 his own peculiarities,&quot; &quot;Any coin of the realm will suffice,&quot; &quot;Any 

 person may have this picture,&quot; &quot; Any house is a shelter in a 

 storm &quot;. 



