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THE SCIENCE OF LOGIC. 



(1) Between a universal and the particular of the same quality 

 (A and I ; E and O) called SUBALTERN ATION. 



(2) Between a universal and the particular of different quality 

 (A and O ; E and \\ called CONTRADICTION. 



(3) Between a universal and the universal of different quality 

 (A and E) called CONTRARIETY. 



.(4) Between a particular and the particular of different 

 quality (I and O) called SUBCONTRARIETY. 



These relations between the various pairs of the four tradi 

 tional propositions are clearly set forth in what is known as the 

 &quot; square of opposition &quot; : a device which will help to stamp the 

 whole theory of opposition clearly upon the mind : 



Here the universals are (naturally) higher than the particulars, and the 

 contraries than the subcontraries ; the affirmatives are (naturally) prior, in their 

 lines, to the negatives ; the diagonals, being longest, mark the logically per 

 fect kind of opposition, that between affirmation and denial viz. contradic 

 tion ; propositions on the same horizontal line aie equal in quantity, differing 

 only in quality ; those on the same vertical line differ only in quantity, agree 

 ing in quality ; the vertical line appropriately suggests subaltemation ; while 

 the diagonal suggests diversity both in quantity and in quality. Now for the 

 different kinds of opposition in detail. 



iii. SUBALTERN OPPOSITION is that which exists between a 

 universal and the particular of the same quality. The universal 

 is called the subalternant ; the particular the subaltern, or sub- 



