THE DOCTRINE OF REDUCTION 337 



conclusion of the new syllogism is to be converted- simply or per 

 accidens as the case may be in order to have the new conclusion 

 exactly the same as that of the original syllogism. For, on 

 account of the transposition of the original premisses, the con 

 clusion of the new syllogism is in the form &quot; P S,&quot; i.e. it is 

 drawn about P in terms of 5 : and this must be converted in 

 order to get the original &quot; S P &quot; conclusion. 



(4) The consonant c, in Baroco and Bocardo, signifies conversio 

 syllogismi or change of syllogism : i.e. it signifies that arguments 

 in these moods cannot be transposed directly into any mood of the 

 first figure, and that their validity must be proved by an indirect 

 process which will show by means of a syllogism in the first figure 

 that if they were not valid, impossible or absurd consequences 

 would follow (168). The letter c further implies that, in con 

 structing the new syllogism which will show this impossible con 

 sequence, the proposition immediately preceding c in the original 

 syllogism is the one to be omitted in the new. 



But if we apply the processes of obversion and contraposition 

 avoided by the Scholastics on account of the negative terms 

 involved to the two moods in question, we may reduce these 

 directly : Baroco to Ferio, and Bocardo to Darii. Hence we find 

 substituted, for Baroco and Bocardo^ the mnemonics Faksoko and 

 Doksamosk, respectively : in which k denotes obversion, ks contra 

 position, and sk (at the end) simple conversion followed by ob 

 version (of the new conclusion]. 



(5) The remaining consonants, b, d, /, n, r, t, have no signific 

 ance in the mnemonic lines. 



The following examples of direct reduction will suffice to show 

 the application of the conventional regulations given above : 

 (i) Camestres is thus reduced to Celarent (C): 



S e M 



I 

 S eP P e S 



S e P &amp;lt; S eP 



That is to say, we transpose the premisses (m) t and convert simply 

 (s) the original minor : this gives us a syllogism in Celarent with 

 P e S for conclusion : this we convert simply (s) to obtain the 

 original conclusion, S e P. 



VOL. I. 22 



