35 2 THE SCIENCE OF LOGIC 



A I (I) the first proposition, containing P, being now of course 

 minor premiss ; and the second, containing S, being major premiss. 

 These three correspond to Barbara, Celarent and Darii respect 

 ively. From the premisses of Ferio (M a P, S i M\ we can infer 

 nothing about P. Ferio, therefore, has no indirect mood corre 

 sponding to it. On the other hand, the two pairs of premisses, 

 &quot; M a P, S e M&quot; and &quot;MiP,Se M; yield the indirect conclusion 

 P o S, thus giving us two indirect moods, A E (O) and I E (O), of 

 the first figure, which have no corresponding direct moods in that 

 figure. 



These five indirect moods of the first figure, A A I, E A E, 

 A I I, A E O, I E O, correspond exactly to the five moods of the 

 fourth figure with this quite immaterial difference, that the mne 

 monics for the indirect moods give the minor premiss (containing 

 P) first, and the major (containing 5) second. The traditional 

 mnemonics for the indirect moods of the first figure are : 

 Baralipton, Celantes^ Dabitis^ Fapesmo, Frisesomorum : corre 

 sponding to the later mnemonics for the fourth figure, Bramantip, 

 CameneS) Dimaris, Fesapo y Fresison. 1 



We have said that when a conclusion is drawn indirectly from pre 

 misses in the first figure, the first premiss in order, that containing P, is now 

 minor ; and the second, containing S, is major. But if we named the pre 

 misses not according to the position which the extremes actually occupy, 

 but that which they ought naturally to occupy, in the conclusion (161), each 

 premiss would retain the same name whether the conclusion be direct or in 

 direct. The first figure (including direct and indirect moods) would then be 

 the figure in which the major extreme is predicated of the middle term, and 

 this in turn of the minor extreme, in the premisses, and in which the major 

 is directly predicated of the minor, or the minor indirectly of the major, in 

 the conclusion. 



In the second and third figures, the position of the middle term does not 

 reveal which extreme is major and which minor. Wherever the premisses 



1 One of the earliest forms of the mnemonic lines in Latin is that given by 

 Petrus Hispanus, afterwards Pope John XXI. (d. 1277), in his Summulae LogicaUs, 

 a work widely known in the mediaeval schools. They are also found in an unpub 

 lished work of William of Shyreswood, who died as Chancellor of Lincoln in 1249. 

 They are as follows : 



Barbara, Celarent, Darii, Ferio, Baralipet, 

 Celantes, Dabitis, Fapesmo, Frisesmo, Deinde 

 Cesare, Camestres, Festino, Baroco, Darapti, 

 Felapton, Disarms, Datisi, Bocardo, Ferison. 



C/. JOYCE, Principle of Logic, p. 192; KEYNES, op. cit., p. 329: who gives the more 

 usual forms, Baralipton, Frisesomomm. There are many variants of the mnemonics 

 to be found in mediaeval Latin treatises on logic. The variety is greatest in the case 

 of the fourth figure, owing to the comparatively later date of its recognition. See 

 Mansel s Aldric/t, pp. 88, 89 ; KEYNES, op. cit., p. 322, n. 



