420 THE SCIENCE OF LOGIC 



formal and material modality. Enumerate and define the various kinds of 

 modal judgment. Is modality subjective or objective? What are the 

 respective modal forms of judgments in materia necessaria, and judgments in 

 materia contingent!? Is there an element of meaning in the judgment 

 expressed assertorically, which is absent from the same judgment expressed 

 modally, and vice versa? In what sense may the force of the apodeictic be 

 described as affirmative, and that of the problematic as negative ? Are we to 

 interpret as apodeictic all categorical statements of necessity consequent on 

 the operation of law? Explain the subjective view of modality. Can the 

 modal forms satisfactorily express degrees of assent ? Can the assertoric form 

 be regarded as a member of any modal division ? Discuss the meaning of 

 the problematic modal proposition. 



CHAP. III. Distinguish between the formal and the material elements of 

 the proposition. When is a term said to be &quot;distributed,&quot; and when &quot;undis 

 tributed,&quot; in a proposition ? On the quantity of which term does the quantity 

 of the proposition depend ? Explain the fourfold scheme of propositions with 

 their respective symbols. State, prove, and illustrate the rules for the distribu 

 tion of the predicate. Define universal, general, singular, particular, collective 

 propositions. How is the quantity of a collective determined ? Enumerate all 

 the quantitative signs of the general proposition, discussing ambiguities. Dis 

 tinguish between two classes of general propositions. Discuss the modality, 

 the origin, the scientific value, of each class. Name the judgments of each 

 class. Can they be distinguished formally ? How is the universal negative 

 expressed ? What is the essential difference between a universal and a par 

 ticular ? How would you classify the singular proposition ? Where the sub 

 ject of the definite singular proposition is a connotative singular term, is the 

 defining word or phrase regarded as &quot; constituting &quot; the subject, or as &quot;quanti 

 fying &quot; the general term regarded as subject ? Discuss the ordinary and the 

 logical meanings of the word &quot; some &quot;. What are the sources, and what the 

 specia. functions, of the particular proposition ? What, exactly, is the limita 

 tion implied in knowledge expressed by the form &quot;Some 5 s are /&amp;gt;,&quot; in the 

 form &quot; S may be P &quot; ? Determine the meaning of &quot; most,&quot; &quot; few,&quot; &quot; a few &quot;. 

 What are plurative propositions? numerically definite propositions? How 

 are these interpreted as regards quantity? Distinguish between a &quot;com 

 plex &quot;and a &quot;compound&quot; proposition. What is an exponible proposition? 

 How many kinds are there? Are these compound propositions? State, 

 explain, and justify the rules for determining the quantity of an indesignate 

 proposition. Is negation a form of the term, or of the proposition ? Are 

 &quot;infinite&quot; judgments distinct from both affirmative and negative judgments? 

 Is the whole connotation of the predicate denied of the subject in the way in 

 which it is affirmed of the latter ? Is a negative judgment meaningless unless 

 subject and predicate agree in a proximate genus ? In what sense does denial 

 presuppose affirmation ? Does affirmation involve negation ? Which is the 

 more fundamental form of predication ? What is the function of negation ? 

 What are its grounds ? Does mere denial give information ? 



CHAP. IV. Why is it possible to interpret the same form of proposition 

 in different ways ? Enumerate the principal ways. Which comes nearest to 

 the ordinary meaning of the mental act of judgment ? Which is followed in 

 the fourfold scheme? Interpret All is not gold that glitters&quot;. Explain 



