QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 423 



press doubt or inference ? What is the doubtful element in the &quot;If&quot; pro 

 position ? Is a compound judgment which contains no doubt about the 

 occurrence of its antecedents appropriately introduced by &quot;If&quot; ? Is a doubt 

 about the occurrence of the antecedent exactly identical with a doubt as to 

 whether a given case, or cases, belong to the class of the antecedent ? Can 

 the conditional proposition be always expressed in categorical form ? What 

 is such transformation called ? Is the conditional judgment usually modal, or 

 usually assertoric ? On what do the quantity and the quality of the con 

 ditional proposition depend ? Distinguish between the contradictory and 

 the contrary of &quot;If A is B, C is D&quot;? Construct the modal square of 

 opposition for conditionals. What is an Adversative or Discretive proposi 

 tion ? What is the quantity of the first example given in the present chapter ? 

 What are the most important eductions from conditionals ? Illustrate these. 

 May the modal (categorical or conditional) be inferred from the assertoric, or 

 vice versa? Are pure hypothetical to be interpreted assertorically, or 

 modally ? Does the modal interpretation imply that in the apodeictic form A 

 gives the full and adequate ground for C? Or that it gives the only possible 

 ground for Cf What is a reciprocal hypothetical? Why are not all 

 hypotheticals reciprocal ? How could they, conceivably, be made reciprocal ? 

 Is this ideal a practicable one ? Have hypotheticals distinctions of Quality? 

 of Quantity? of Modality? Define the hypothetical. Compare the pro 

 positions, If A then C, and // A then not C, in point of opposition. What 

 are the chief eductions from hypotheticals ? What are the more common 

 fallacies here ? Discuss quality , quantity, modality in the following : (a) &quot; If 

 a man is unfortunate, he is not, therefore, to be despised&quot; ; (b} &quot; If a man is 

 honest, he will not deceive &quot; ; (c) &quot; If the summer be dry, the harvest will be 

 good&quot; ; (d} &quot; If A is B, C is D &quot; ; (e) &quot; If the sun moves round the earth, 

 some astronomers are fallible&quot; ; (_/) &quot;If he persists in his extravagance, he 

 will be ruined &quot; ; (g) &quot; If a man is good, he is wise &quot;. 



CHAP. IX. Distinguish between Alternative and Disjunctive forms of 

 proposition. Define the alternative proposition. How is a judgment affected 

 by an alternative subject ? by an alternative predicate ? How does a judg 

 ment with an alternative predicate differ from a categorical ? Can an 

 alternative judgment be negative? Interpret the prepositional forms, &quot;All 

 [or Some] X s are either Y or Z&quot; ; &quot; Some S s are both P and Q&quot;. Dis 

 tinguish between a complex and a compound judgment. Indicate a scheme 

 of assertoric and modal, simple and compound propositions. Is the alter 

 native judgment to be interpreted in the exclusive, or the non- ex elusive, sense ? 

 In the former sense, how would you contradict Either X or Y&quot; ? Does 

 the alternative proposition give, or can it give, the results of a logical division ? 

 Must the alternatives always differ? In so far as they differ, do they not 

 mutually exclude one another ? How is the alternative converted into an 

 &quot; If&quot; judgment ? Does the former contain any positive element not contained 

 in the latter ? Does the justification of the grounds of the judgment &quot; If S is 

 M it is P &quot; involve either an endless regress or an appeal to a final alternative 

 judgment ? Transvert If S is M it is P into alternative form. Are alterna 

 tive judgments usually modal ? Do they, of themselves, yield a square of 

 opposition? Derive all the eductions you can from the propositions: (i) 

 &quot;Every duty on imports is either protective or a source of revenue; (2) 



