

QUESTIONS. 

 PART IV. 



CHAP. I. How do we come to assent to the premisses used in deductive 

 reasoning ? Distinguish three classes of general truths in reference to 

 reasoning. How far should logic deal with the methods of investigation to 

 be observed in the special sciences ? Illustrate historically the influence of the 

 sciences on logic. Indicate some other departments of human research 

 which claim from logic equal recognition with physics. Define Logical 

 Method, Analysis, Synthesis. On what basis are sciences classified as 

 deductive or inductive? &quot;There is one and only one scientific method&quot;: 

 State the general rules of method. Explain the use of analysis and synthesis 

 in teaching. Describe the &quot; Scholastic Methods of Exposition and Debate &quot;. 

 What are the advantages and the defects of a purely Scholastic training ? 



CHAP. II. How do we ascend from particular facts to metaphysically 

 necessary principles ? Give the widest meaning of the word Induction, and 

 its Greek equivalent. What is ^propositio per se nota in se quoad nos 

 quoad aliquos quoad omnes ? Distinguish between the &quot; induction &quot; of 

 &quot;necessary&quot; truths in mathematics, and &quot;physical&quot; induction. Distinguish 

 between enumerative and scientific induction ; between &quot; complete &quot; and 

 &quot;incomplete,&quot; &quot;formal&quot; and &quot;material&quot;. Give examples of the so-called 

 &quot;inductive syllogism&quot; which concludes by complete enumeration. State 

 and explain Aristotle s definition of it. What are its drawbacks? When 

 complete, is it scientific ? What relation does it bear to the ordinary (deduc 

 tive) syllogism? Will incomplete enumeration, as such, demonstrate the 

 general law (&quot; M is P &quot;) f Why ? What efficacy did Aristotle attribute to it ? 

 What useful purpose does it serve ? Show that Aristotle and the Scholastic 

 philosophers of the Middle Ages were acquainted with scientific induction. 

 Account for the widespread error on this point. What name did the 

 Scholastics, after Aristotle, give to scientific induction ? On what principle 

 did Scotus base generalization from particulars? Why did the Scholastics 

 not make any progress in physical induction? Explain the teachings of (i) 

 Roger Bacon ; (2) Francis Bacon ; (3) Newton ; (4) Whewell ; (5) J. S. Mill ; 

 (6) Jevons on induction. Explain, and illustrate by an example, the various 

 steps in the inductive process. Compare deduction with induction (i) as 

 methods ; (2) as inferential processes. Would you describe any form or 

 forms of reasoning as specially characteristic of induction ? How do you 

 understand the description of induction as an &quot; inverse process &quot; ? 



CHAP. III. Should \og\cformulate the rational principles which form 

 the grounds of our ascent from facts to laws ? Should it jitstify those prin 

 ciples ? Mention some of the more important notions involved in physical 

 induction. Formulate the &quot; Principle of Sufficient Reason &quot;. Has it a real 



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