QUESTIONS 339 



as well as a logical application ? Is the ultimate reason of logical principles 

 itself real? Describe (a) the Phenomenist, (b) the Hegelian, views of 

 Reality. Is the Causa Essendi always also the Causa Cognoscenti? 

 What is the Scholastic view about Reality ? State the &quot; Principle of 

 Causality &quot;. Define &quot; Cause &quot;. Distinguish it from &quot; Condition &quot;. Explain 

 the Aristotelean fourfold division of &quot; Cause &quot;. What class of cause is 

 mainly sought in physical induction ? Show, by an example, how each of the 

 four causes is sought by induction. Do inanimate causes act &quot; for ends &quot; ? 

 Is there evidence of plan, purpose, design, in the action of physical causes ? 

 Define &quot; Essence&quot; and &quot;Nature&quot;. Explain the use, and various meanings, 

 of the word &quot; Law,&quot; in induction. Contrast the &quot; teleological &quot; with the 

 &quot; mechanical &quot; conception of the universe. Can the latter be explained with 

 out recourse to &quot; final,&quot; &quot; formal,&quot; and &quot; material &quot; causes ? Where are the 

 two latter properly sought? Is the view that an event is produced by 

 &quot; efficient &quot; causes incompatible with the view that it is due to &quot; final &quot; causes ? 

 Give the traditional definition of &quot;Efficient Cause&quot;. Distinguish various 

 kinds of efficient cause. Are all efficient causes &quot;necessary&quot; causes? 

 What notion have modern writers substituted for that of &quot; efficiency &quot; ? Are 

 all causes, of which we can have knowledge, necessarily perceptible by our 

 senses ? Give an account of the empirical view of efficient causality. What 

 did Mill mean by &quot; invariable antecedent &quot; ? By &quot; unconditional &quot; ? By 

 &quot; necessary &quot; ? Is &quot; necessity &quot; &quot; invariability &quot; ? Is it &quot; unconditionalness &quot; ? 

 Can we, according to Mill, really know an antecedent to be &quot; unconditionally 

 invariable &quot; ? Give Mill s three statements of the meaning of &quot; Cause &quot;. 

 What did he mean by &quot; unconditional &quot; antecedent ? Must the &quot; cause &quot; 

 have disappeared, or can it have disappeared, before the &quot; effect &quot; appears ? 

 Explain &quot; Cessante causa cessat effectus &quot;. How are cause and effect con 

 nected ? Explain &quot; Actio et Passio sunt idem numero Motus&quot;, Is this 

 &quot; tnotus &quot; identical with the agens, or the patiens f or the two latter with each 

 other ? May all physical efficient causality be resolved into local motion, or 

 change of spatial relations ? Can one event have many &quot; partial &quot; causes 

 combining to form one &quot; total cause &quot; ? Can the same kind of event have 

 different total causes ? Why does the popular mind so conceive a &quot; necessary 

 cause &quot; that, although the latter can have only one effect, yet this one effect 

 may have several different &quot; necessary causes &quot; ? Which of the two cause 

 or effect is conceived by the popular mind in the more abstract state ? Does 

 the scientist make the concept of &quot; cause &quot; more abstract, or less abstract, 

 than it is in the popular mind ? Is plurality of causes consistent with the 

 scientific concept of total cause ? What do you understand by the immediate 

 (total) cause ? by the determining cause ? In order to &quot; explain &quot; an effect 

 by its causes, how far back along the converging chains of efficient causality 

 must the scientist go ? How near to the effect must he come ? 



CHAP. IV. State the &quot; Principle of the Uniformity of Nature &quot;. To 

 what class of causes does it mainly refer ? Distinguish between two different 

 senses in which it may be interpreted. Understood hypothetically, is it 

 analytic, a priori, metaphysically necessary, self-evident ? Do propositions 

 which express ordinary physical laws imply the existence or occurrence of 

 the facts and phenomena to which they refer ? State the principle of uni 

 formity categorically. Is our belief in this uniformity physically, or meta- 



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