QUESTIONS 341 



of the methods. Compare &quot;agreement&quot; with &quot;difference&quot;. Explain and 

 illustrate two ways in which these may be combined. Is the joint method 

 of difference and agreement the strongest of all the methods ? Distinguish 

 between qualitative and quantitative methods. Compare the method of con 

 comitant variations with the methods of agreement and difference. To what 

 classes of phenomena is the former specially applicable ? What are its 

 limitations ? How is it subserved by statistics ? Compare the method of 

 residues with the methods of agreement and difference. What are its 

 characteristics ? What are the various ways in which causes or effects may 

 be conjoined ? What is the common aim of all the &quot; methods &quot; ? Can they 

 be adequately expressed by any system of symbols ? Explain the nature of 

 measurement and its influence on the progress of science. &quot;All measurement 

 is relative and only approximate &quot; ? What are the sources of inaccuracy ? 

 By what means is this latter minimized ? Distinguish between verification 

 and explanation, between fact and law, between empirical laws, derivative 

 laws, and laws of nature. 



PART V. 



CHAP. I. Enumerate and define the various elementary notions sub 

 sidiary to the treatment of science and certitude. Describe and compare the 

 three kinds of certitude. Compare metaphysical with physical laws ; neces 

 sary with contingent truths ; categorical with hypothetical necessity ; know 

 ledge of possible essences with knowledge of actual facts. What is our 

 justification for applying abstract metaphysical principles to the interpretation 

 of the world of concrete fact ? From what standpoint did Aristotle obtain his 

 conception of the ideally perfect form of human knowledge ? From what 

 standpoint is the modern conception formed ? Are these two views in neces 

 sary conflict ? Explain, according to Aristotle, the nature and requirements 

 of scientific demonstration. Explain &quot; The middle term expresses the cause &quot;. 

 Discuss the distinction between what is &amp;lt;f)v&amp;lt;rfi or Xdyo&amp;gt; Trporepov, and what 

 is Trpos rjfias iTpvrfpov. How, according to Aristotle, do we reach the former ? 

 Do deductive applications of inductively established laws yield &quot;science &quot; in 

 the Aristotelean sense of this term ? Compare demonstration with scientific 

 explanation. How do we &quot;explain &quot; a fact, a law or uniform series of facts? 

 Distinguish between &quot; popular &quot; and &quot; scientific &quot; explanation. Have actual 

 facts or events the same kind of necessary connexion with other facts or 

 events as a conclusion in geometry has with its premisses ? What is the 

 difference ? Are the latter dependent on the Divine Will, and the former on 

 the Divine Intellect only? What is the only ultimate explanation of all 

 actual facts ? Contrast the Hegelian with the Theistic view of explanation. 

 Should logic teach us how to &quot;discover &quot; truths, as well as how to &quot;prove &quot; 

 truths already discovered ? Compare discovery and proof by induction, with 

 discovery and proof by deduction. Does the middle term of a demonstra 

 tive syllogism give the &quot; only possible &quot; cause of the conclusion ? Compare 

 the ultimate principles of deductive demonstration with the ultimate explana 

 tory laws reached by induction. Assign three meanings to the expression, 

 &quot;moral certitude&quot;. Can certitude be based on &quot;moral,&quot; &quot;human,&quot; &quot;ra 

 tional,&quot; propensities ? Do any of these underlie belief that is based on 

 human authority ? On what conditions does the latter warrant certitude ? 



