342 THE SCIENCE OF LOGIC 



Compare &quot;belief&quot; with &quot;science&quot;. Can human testimony be an ultimate 

 motive for certain assent ? State some rules of historical criticism for ascer 

 taining (a) the knowledge, (b) the veracity, of human testimony. Classify 

 the chief sources of historical information. How are the authenticity and 

 integrity of documents ascertained ? Discuss the value, and the limitations, 

 of oral traditions ; of the argumentum ex silentio ; of the argument from 

 prescription. 



CHAP. II. Define opinion and probability. Are there grades or degrees 

 of truth, or of probability, in our judgments ? Are there degrees of firmness 

 in our opinions or assents ? Can opinion ever pass into certitude by the aid 

 of cumulative evidence ? Distinguish between various kinds of probable 

 judgments. What is a &quot; Probable Syllogism &quot; ? What is chain evidence ? 

 How does it differ from circumstantial evidence ? Are probable arguments 

 from authority of much practical utility? Define the Aristotelean Enthy- 

 meme. How does it differ from the Modern Enthymeme? What did 

 Aristotle understand by oTj/mW, Tttpypiov, and i\or, respectively ? Give 

 examples of Aristotelean Enthymemes in the first, second, and third figures, 

 respectively. Distinguish between &quot; causal &quot; and &quot; casual &quot;. What is a 

 &quot; chance coincidence,&quot; or a &quot; chance recurrence &quot; ? Are there &quot; coincidences &quot; 

 or &quot; coexistences &quot; that are ultimately unexplainable ? When is a pheno 

 menon said to be &quot; due to chance &quot; ? Would the possession of perfect know 

 ledge eliminate the concept of chance ? What is the object of this concept ? 

 Indicate two essential conditions for the application of the theory of proba 

 bility to any group of phenomena. Explain the formulae : &quot; If S is A it is X,&quot; 

 and &quot;5 is either A^X V A. 2 X 2 , A 3 X 3 , ...&quot; Does the theory apply equally 

 to past and to future events ? State and illustrate the rules for estimating 

 the probability of (a) simple events ; (6} compound independent events ; (c) 

 compound dependent events ; (d) the total probability of an event that may 

 happen in various ways. What is &quot; inverse probability &quot; ? How is it applied 

 in measuring magnitudes? in eliminating chance? Explain Bernouillfs 

 Theorem. How may the calculus be applied to natural and social pheno 

 mena ? What are the obstacles to its application ? Can it measure our 

 probability as to the recurrence of a natural event ? or the credibility of human 

 testimony? How do statistics subserve inductive inquiry? Discuss the 

 connexion between &quot; statistical uniformities &quot; and &quot; laws,&quot; between free will 

 and the regularity of social phenomena. 



CHAP. III. Discuss the possibility of classifying the modes, or the 

 sources, of human error. Distinguish between error and fallacy. Define 

 fallacy, sophism, paralogism. Describe the classifications of Mill, Bacon, Aris 

 totle, and Jevons, respectively. Discuss the division of fallacies into formal 

 or logical, semi-logical, and material. Are fallacies in dictione formal or 

 material ? Explain and exemplify each of the fallacies incident to conception ; 

 to judgment. Compare the fallacy of Secundum Quid with that of Accidens. 

 Illustrate the various forms of (a) Ignoratio Elenchi ; (b} Petitio Prindpii. 

 Distinguish between axioms and postulates. Why do men differ so much in 

 their views upon the great questions of religion and philosophy ? What are 

 the subjective, and what the objective, obstacles to the attainment of truth ? 

 Explain the fallacy incident to indirect proof. What fallacies are to be 

 avoided in (a) observation, (&) analogy, (&amp;lt;r) generalization ? 



