470 THE CANADAS AND ILLINOIS 



there is so little difference of elevation, that the countries may 

 be considered of the same altitude, and their climates aifected 

 only by latitude. The medium latitude of Lower Canada 

 may be stated at 46, of Upper Canada, 44, and of Illinois, 

 40. Supposing winter to increase in duration two weeks 

 with each degree of latitude, the winter of the medium of Il 

 linois may be stated at two months, of Upper Canada at four 

 months, and of Lower Canada at five months. The summers 

 of the countries lengthen inversely with the winters. 



Judging from what came under my notice, I am inclined to 

 think the surface of Illinois is superior soil to the Canadas, 

 and the lower province better than Upper Canada. There is, 

 however, much good and bad soil in all the countries, and in 

 order to avoid the semblance of partiality, the soil of the 

 Canadas and Illinois shall be assumed to be similar in quality. 



I have formerly denominated soil a workshop ; air, mois 

 ture, light, and heat, raw materials, termed climate ; plants 

 and animals, machinery ; certain minerals and labour, oil for 

 the machinery which manufacture farm produce. Nature 

 and man perform distinct parts in the manufacture, and the 

 farmer s success depends on the aid which he is enabled to af 

 ford her. Man is subordinate to nature, and a superabundant 

 or a diminished supply of moisture or of heat, which form part 

 of the materials she supplies, may arrest the manufacture, and 

 impair or destroy the machinery furnished by man. 



The workshop or soil of the Canadas and Illinois has been 

 assumed to be similar, but the raw materials of nature are not 

 at all times furnished to the workshops of these countries in 

 the same proportions, and this variation of supply or difference 

 of climate, affects the manufacturing results of the farms, both 

 with regard to the quantity and quality of fabrics. 



The winters of Lower Canada, Upper Canada, and Illinois 

 being respectively five, four, and two months in length, manu 

 facturing will be altogether suspended in the countries for 

 corresponding periods. The effects of suspended heat, or 

 presence of cold, on animal machinery, is increased by inten 

 sity as well as duration, and labour or furnishing of oil is 

 impracticable in winter. Manufacturing proceeds only when 

 winter is absent, and is increased by the intensity and length 



