370 PALjEONTOLOfSY AND EVOLUTION xi 



fauna of the sub-Himalayas and the Perim Islands ; 

 Gaudry that of Attica ; many observers that of 

 Central Europe and France; and Leidy that of 

 Nebraska, on the eastern flank of the Rocky 

 Mountains. The results are very striking. The 

 total Miocene fauna comprises many genera and 

 species of Catarrhine Apes, of Bats, of Liscctivora ; 

 of Arctogaeal types of Rodcntia ; of Proboscidca ; of 

 equine, rhinocerotic, and tapirine quadrupeds ; of 

 cameline, bovine, antilopine, cervine, and traguline 

 Ruminants; of Pigs and Hippopotamuses; of 

 Vivcrridcc and Hyccnidcc among other Carnivora ; 

 with Edentata allied to the Arctogaeal Oryctcropus 

 and Manis, and not to the Austro-Columbian 

 Edentates. The only type present in the Miocene, 

 but absent in the existing, fauna of Eastern Arc- 

 togaea, is that of the Didclphidm, which, however, 

 remains in North America. 



But it is very remarkable that while the 

 Miocene fauna of the Arctogaeal province, as 

 a whole, is of the same character as the existing 

 fauna of the same province, as a whole, the com 

 ponent elements of the fauna were differently as 

 sociated. In the Miocene epoch, North America 

 possessed Elephants, Horses, Rhinoceroses, and a 

 great number and variety of Ruminants and Pigs, 

 which are absent in the present indigenous fauna ; 

 Europe had its Apes, Elephants, Rhinoceroses, 

 Tapirs, Musk-deer, Giraffes, Hyaenas, great Cats, 

 Edentates, and Opossum-like Marsupials, which 



