I PROLEGOMENA 5 



in the vegetation of the downs is seen in the 

 turf, with its weeds and gorse. Under the con 

 ditions, they have come out of the struggle 

 victorious; and, by surviving, have proved that 

 they are the fittest to survive. 



That the state of nature, at any time, is a 

 temporary phase of a process of incessant change, 

 which has been going on for innumerable ages, 

 appears to me to be a proposition as well estab 

 lished as any in, modern history. Paleontology 

 assures us, in addition, that the ancient philo 

 sophers who, with less reason, held the same 

 doctrine, erred in supposing that the phases 

 formed a cycle, exactly repeating the past, exactly 

 foreshadowing the future, in their rotations. On 

 the contrary, it furnishes us with conclusive 

 reasons for thinking that, if every link in the 

 ancestry of these humble indigenous plants had 

 been preserved and were accessible to us, the whole 

 would present a converging series of forms of 

 gradually diminishing complexity, until, at some 

 period in the history of the earth, far more remote 

 than any of which organic remains have yet been 

 discovered, they would merge in those low groups 

 among which the boundaries between animal and 

 vegetable life become effaced. 1 



Contemporaneity and Persistent Types" (1862), the paleonto- 

 logical proofs of this proposition were, I believe, first set 

 forth. 



1 "On the Border Territory between the Animal and the 

 Vegetable Kingdoms," Essays, vol. viii. p. 162. 



