CHAP. x. RHINOCEROS HEMITCECHUS COEXISTENT WITH MAN. 173 



had been washed into the rent with other bones, and with 

 angular fragments of limestone, and all enveloped in the same 

 ochreous rnud. Among the other bones, which were not 

 numerous, were those of the cave-bear, wolf, fox, ox, stag, 

 and field-mouse. 



But the discovery of most importance, as bearing on the 

 subject of the present work, is the occurrence in a newly- 

 discovered cave, called Long Hole, by Colonel Wood, in 1861, 

 of the remains of two species of rhinoceros, R. tichorhinus and 

 R. hemitoechus Falconer, in an undisturbed deposit, in the 

 lower part of which were some well-shaped flint knives, 

 evidently of human workmanship. It is clear from their po 

 sition that man was coeval with these two species. We have 

 elsewhere independent proofs of his coexistence with every 

 other species of the cave-fauna of Glamorganshire ; but this 

 is the first well-authenticated example of the occurrence of 

 R. hemitoechus in connection with human implements. 



In the fossil fauna of the valley of the Thames, Rhinoceros 

 leptorhinus was mentioned as occurring at Gray's Thurrock 

 with Elephas antiquus. Dr. Falconer, in a memoir which 

 he is now preparing for the press on the European pliocene 

 and post-pliocene species of the genus Rhinoceros, has shown 

 that, under the above name of R. leptorhinus, three distinct 

 species have been confounded by Cuvier, Owen, and other 

 palaeontologists : 



1. R. Megarhinus Christol, being the original and typical 

 R. leptorhinus of Cuvier, founded on Cortesi's Monte Zago 

 cranium, and the only pliocene, or post-pliocene European 

 species, that had not a nasal septum. Gray's Thurrock, &c. 



2. R. hemitoechus Falconer, in which the ossification of the 

 septum dividing the nostrils is incomplete in the middle, 

 besides other cranial and dental characters distinguishing it 

 from R. tichorhinus, accompanies Elephas antiquus in most 

 of the oldest British bone-caves, such as Kirkdale, Cefn, 



