494 INTELLIGENCE OP LOWER ANIMALS. CHAP. xxiv. 



animals is as extensive as that of the human mind, and I am 

 at a loss to perceive a difference of kind between them, how 

 ever much they may differ in degree, and in the manner in 

 which they are expressed. The gradations of the moral 

 faculties among the higher animals and Man are, moreover, 

 so imperceptible, that to deny to the first a certain sense of 

 responsibility and consciousness, would certainly be an exag 

 geration of the difference between animals and Man. There 

 exists, besides, as much individuality within their respective 

 capabilities among animals as among Man, as every sports 

 man, or every keeper of menageries, or every farmer and 

 shepherd can testify, who has had a large experience with wild, 

 or tamed, or domesticated animals. This argues strongly in 

 favour of the existence in every animal of an immaterial 

 principle, similar to that which, by its excellence and superior 

 endowments, places Man so much above animals. Yet the 

 principle exists unquestionably, and whether it be called 

 soul, reason, or instinct, it presents, in the whole range of 

 organised beings, a series of phenomena closely linked to 

 gether, and upon it are based not only the higher manifes 

 tations of the mind, but the very permanence of the specific 

 differences which characterise every organ. Most of the 

 arguments of philosophy in favour of the immortality of Man 

 apply equally to the permanency of this principle in other 

 living beings.' * 



Professor Huxley, when commenting on a passage in 

 Professor Owen's memoir, above cited (p. 481), argues that 

 there is a unity in psychical as in physical plan among ani 

 mated beings, and adds, that although he cannot go so far as 

 to say that 'the determination of the difference between 

 Homo and Pithecus is the anatomist's difficulty,' yet no 

 impartial judge can doubt that the roots, as it were, of those 



* Contributions to the Natural History of the United States of North 

 America, vol. i. part i. pp. 60, 64. 



