GRAPHIC ART OF THE ESKIMOS. 



789 



DRILL MOUTHPIECE WITHOUT 

 WINGS. 



Upon the pipestems also are shown excellent results of suclLaborigi- 

 nal work, the ivory stein shown in plate 20, bearing eight sets of 

 circles, that one nearest the brass-bound mouthpiece consisting of but 

 a single circle with its central pit or nucleus one-eighth of an inch 

 deep, while the circle itself is but a mere hair line in comparison ; the 

 next two figures consist of two circles each with the central spot, the 

 next four having three circles each beside the central point, while 

 the last, or eighth, has four concentric rings and the central nucleus. 



According to measurement, the inner or pri 

 mary circle, in all, is three-sixteenths of an 

 inch in diameter; the next larger one, begin 

 ning with the second ring, is one-fourth of an 

 inch in diameter; the next larger, being the 

 outer circle on the fourth figure, measures 

 three-eighths of an inch, while the outer cir 

 cle of the last figure, having four rings, meas 

 ures one-half of an inch in diameter. 



The central pit or nucleus in each of the 



circles, excepting two, is filled with a tightly fitting wooden peg, 

 smoothed off level with the surrounding surface, and carefully black 

 ened to accord in color with the surrounding blackened circles. 



This regularity in diameter of the several sizes of circles indicates 

 the use of a bit, or tool, of foreign manufacture which the natives 

 obtained probably through barter. The sizes increase by one-sixteenth 

 of an inch each time a change is made corresponding exactly to the 

 regulation sizes used by carpenters and other workers in wood. 



Drills are used for perforating all kinds of materials, wood, bone, 

 ivory, and even metals, and are much more common than awls among 

 the more northern natives. The handles are of wood and sometimes 



bone, the point being made 

 of iron or steel, though before 

 the introduction of metals 

 flint and similar siliceous ma 

 terials were employed in arm 

 ing the tool. 



The illustration given in 

 fig. 5 is a bone pointed drill 

 from Point Barrow, while fig. 

 6 represents one with an iron drill mounted in a handle of spruce wood 

 which was once painted with red ocher. When the natives use the drill 

 and bow, both hands are necessarily occupied, one in steadying the 

 object to be perforated while with the other the bow is held and moved 

 horizontally to rotate the drill. 



Therefore, to produce the necessary pressure upon the top of the 

 drill, the native puts into his mouth a drill mouthpiece in which the 

 top of drill rotates. Fig. 7 represents a mouthpiece with an iron 



Fig. 8. 



DRILL MOUTHPIECE WITH SOCKET OF IRON. 



