8 THE I1I8TOBY OF ANIMALS. [B. I 



are prudent and fearful, as the stag and the hare. Serpents 

 are illiberal and crafty. Others, as the lion, are liberal, 

 noble, and generous. Others are brave, wild, and crafty, 

 like the wolf. For there is this difference between the 

 generous and the brave the former means that which comes 

 of a noble race, the latter that which does not easily depart 

 from its own nature. 



16. Some animals are cunning and evil-disposed, as the 

 fox ; others, as the dog, are fierce, friendly, and fawning. 

 Some are gentle and easily tamed, as the elephant ; some are 

 susceptible of shame, and watchful, as the goose. Some 

 are jealous, and fond of ornament, as the peacock. But man 

 is the only animal capable of reasoning, though many 

 others possess the faculty of memory and instruction in 

 common with him. No other animal but man has the power 

 of recollection. In another place we will treat more accu 

 rately of the disposition and manner of life in each class. 



CHAPTER II. 



1. ALL animals possess in common those parts by which they 

 take in food, and into which they receive it. But theso 

 parts agree or differ in the same way as all the other parts 

 of bodies, that is, either in shape or size, or proportion or 

 position ; and besides these, almost all animals possess many 

 other parts in common, such as those by which they reject 

 their excrements, (and the part by which they take their 

 food,) 1 though this does not exist in all. The part by which 

 the food is taken in is called the mouth, that which receives 

 the food from the mouth is called the stomach. The part 

 by which they reject the excrement has many names. 



2. The excrement being of two kinds, the animals which 

 possess receptacles for the fluid excrement have also recepta 

 cles for the dry ; but those which have the latter are not 

 always furnished with the former. Wherefore all animals 

 which have a bladder have a belly also, but not all that have 

 a belly have a bladder ; for the part appropriated to the 

 reception of the liquid excrement is called the bladder, and 

 that for the reception of the dry is called the belly. 



8. Many animals possess both these parts, anil that also 

 by which the semen is emitted. Among animals that have 

 the power of generation, some emit the semen into them- 

 1 The words in brackets should probably be excluded from the text. 



