28 THE HISTOEY OF ANIMALS. [B. TI 



Of all animals with a solid hoof, the Indian ass alone has a 

 talus. Swine, as I said before, belong to both classes, so that 

 they have not a well-formed astragulus. 



9. Many animals with cloven hoofs have a talus ; no ani 

 mals with their feet in. many divisions have a talus, nor has 

 man. The lynx has as it were half a talus, and so has the 

 lion, but it is more intricate, as some pretend. The talus is 

 always in the hind leg, and it is placed upright upon the gamb, 

 with the lower part outwards, and the upper part inwards ; 

 the parts called Coa 1 turned inwards towards each other, and 

 the Chia turned outwards, and the projecting portions up 

 wards. This is the position of the talus, in all animals 

 which are furnished with this part. Some animals have a 

 cloven hoof, and a mane, and two horns turned towards each 

 other, as the bonassus, an animal which inhabits the coun 

 try between Paeonia and Media. 



10. All animals with horns are four-footed, unless there is 

 any animal which metaphorically, and for the sake of a word, is 

 said to have horns, as they say that the serpents in the neigh 

 bourhood of Thebes in Egypt have, though it is nothing 

 more than an appendage, that is called a horn. The stag is 

 the only animal that has solid horns, the horns of all other 

 animals are hollow for a part of their length, and solid at 

 the extremity ; the hollow part is principally formed of skin, 

 and round this is arranged the solid part, as in the horns ot 

 oxen. The stag is the only animal which casts its horns ; 

 they are reproduced ; this takes place every year after the 

 animal has attained the age of two years ; other animals 

 never lose their horns unless destroyed by violence. 



CHAFTEB III. 



1. THE parts of the mamma? also, and the organs of genera 

 tion, are different in man and in other animals Eor some 

 have the mammae forward on or near the breast, and two 

 mammae with two nipples, as man and the elephant, as I 

 said before, for the elephant has two mammas near the arm 

 pits ; in the female they are small, and do not bear any 

 proportion to the size of the animal, so that they are 

 scarcely visible in a side view ; the males also have mammae aa 

 well as the females, but they are exceedingly small. 



1 Coa, the highest throw with the Astragalus with the convex side up 

 permost, opposed to Chia, the lowest throw, sixes and aces. 



